This is post 4 of 4 in the series “Microsoft OData”

原文来自: http://odata.github.io/WebApi/

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface
About

This document aims to provide organized content about how to build a OData V4 service using ASP.NET Web API for OData. It’s more than just a getting started guidance and is more systematic than the samples.

Version

This is the first version of this document written in April, 2015.

Targetted audience

This document fits best the readers who has a relative good knowledge of OData (e.g. knowing the OData primitive and structured types, knowing the basic OData URL conventions, knowing the basic OData features such as operations, queries and so on) and would like to explore how some advanced scenarios can be implemented using Web API for OData.

Beginners to OData or Web API for OData can also leverage this document as a structured way to learn. But it’s strongly recommended to read the Getting Started tutorials on OData.org to get a grasp of OData concepts before reading this doc.

This document also assumes that the readers know how to create projects in Visual Studio and know how to install packages using the Nuget Package Manager. It also assumes they have knowledge in C# programming and are not unfamiliar with concepts like classes, properties, methods, and so on.

Structure of this document

This document starts with a tutorial about how a simplest OData V4 service can be written using ASP.NET Web API for OData. Then it steps into the section about how OData models can be built in different ways. After that, OData routing is introduced in details followed by a description of OData feature implementation. Finally, it talks about security and customization of the OData V4 service.

Resources and references
1.2 Write a simple OData V4 service
Let’s get started by creating a simple OData V4 service. It has one entity set Products, one entity type Product. Product has two properties ID and Name, with ID being an integer and Name being a string. The service is read only. The only data clients can get besides the service document and metadata document, is the Products entity set.

a. Create the Visual Studio project

In Visual Studio, create a new C# project from the ASP.NET Web Application template. Name the project “ODataService”.

In the New Project dialog, select the Empty template. Under “Add folders and core references…”, click Web API. Click OK.

b. Install the OData packages

In the Nuget Package Manager, install Microsoft.AspNet.OData and all it’s dependencies.

c. Add a model class

Add a C# class to the Models folder:
```
namespace ODataService.Models
{
    public class Product
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}
```
d. Add a controller class

Add a C# class to the Controllers folder:
```
namespace ODataService.Controllers
{
    public class ProductsController : ODataController
    {
        private List<Product> products = new List<Product>()
        {
            new Product()
            {
                ID = 1,
                Name = "Bread",
            }
        };

        public List<Product> Get()
        {
            return products;
        }
    }
}
```
In the controller, we defined a List<Product> object which has one product element. It’s considered as a in-memory storage of the data of the OData service.

We also defined a Get method that returns the list of products. The method refers to the handling of HTTP GET requests. We’ll cover that in the sections about routing.

e. Configure the OData Endpoint

Open the file App_Start/WebApiConfig.cs. Replace the existing Register method with the following code:
```
public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
    var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();

    builder.EntitySet<Product>("Products");

    config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", null, builder.GetEdmModel());
}
```
f. Start the OData service

Start the OData service by running the project and open a browser to consume it. You should be able to get access to the service document at http://host/service/ in which http://host/service/ is the root path of your service. The metadata document can be accessed at GET http://host/service/$metadata and the products at GET http://host/service/Products.

2. DEFINING THE MODEL

2.1 Introduction to the model builders
The data model is the basis of an OData service. OData service uses an abstract data model called Entity Data Model (EDM) to describe the exposed data in the service. OData client can issue a GET request to the root URL of the OData service with $metadata to get an XML representation of the service’s data model. In Microsoft ASP.NET Web API 2.2 for OData v4.0, to build a data model for OData service is to create an IEdmModel object. There are three ways to build an EDM model in Web API OData:
1. Explicit Edm Model Builder
2. Implicit, non-convention model builder or fluent API
3. Implicit, convention model builder.
2.1.1 Build Edm Model

Let’s see the difference between them.

Explicit model builder

To build an Edm model explicitly is to create an IEdmModel object by directly using APIs in ODatalib. The basic code structure to build an Edm model explicitly is shown as:
```
public IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    EdmModel model = new EdmModel();
    // ......
    return model;
}
```
The Edm Model built by this way is called un-typed (or typeless, week type) Edm model. Owing that there is no corresponding CLR classes.

Non-convention model builder

To build an Edm model using non-convention model builder is to create an IEdmModel object by directly call fluent APIs of ODataModelBuilder. The developer should take all responsibility to add all Edm types, operations, associations, etc into the data model one by one. The basic code structure of this way is shown as:
```
public static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    var builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
    // ......
    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}
```
Convention model builder

To build an Edm model using convention model builder is to create an IEdmModel object by a set of conventions. Such conventions are pre-defined rules in Web API OData to help model builder to identify Edm types, keys, association etc automatically, and build them into the final Edm model. ODataConventionModelBuilder wrappers these conventions and apply them to the Edm model when building. The basic code structure of this way is shown as:
```
public static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    // ......
    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}
```
Basically, it’s recommended to use convention model builder to build Edm model for its simplicity and convenience. However, if user wants to make more control on the model building, or he doesn’t have the corresponding CLR classes, the non-convention model builder and the explicitly method are also very useful.

2.1.2 Edm Model Sample

We’ll build an Edm model using the above three methods in the following sections respectively. Each section is designed to walk you through every required aspect to build such Edm model. First of all, let’s have a brief view about the Edm model we will build. This is a Customer-Order business model, in which three entity types, two complex types and one enum type are included. Here’s the detail information about each types:

• Customer is served as an entity type with three properties.
```
public class Customer
{
    public int CustomerId { get; set; } // structural property, primitive type, key
    public Address Location { get; set; } // structural property, complex type
    public IList<Order> Orders { get; set; } // navigation property, entity type
}
```
• VipCustomer is an entity type derived from Customer. It includes one more property:
```
public class VipCustomer : Customer
{
    public Color FavoriteColor { get; set; } // structural property, primitive type
}
```
• Order is another entity type with two properties.
```
public class Order
{
    public int OrderId { get; set; } // structural property, primitive type, key
    public Guid Token { get; set; } // structural property, primitive type
}
```
• Address & SubAddress are served as complex types, while SubAddress is derived from Address.
```
public class Address
{
    public string Country { get; set; }
    public string City { get; set; }
}

public class SubAddress : Address
{
    public string Street { get; set; }
}
```
• Color is served as an Enum Type.
```
public enum Color
{
    Red,
    Blue,
    Green
}
```
Here’s the class heritance:

2.2 Build Edm Model Explicitly

As mentioned in previous section, to build Edm model explicitly is to create an IEdmModel object directly using ODatalib API. The Edm model built by this method is called type-less model, or week type model, or just un-typed model.Let’s see how to build the Customer-Order business model.

Enum Type

We can use EdmEnumType to define an Enum type Color as:

EdmEnumType color = new EdmEnumType("WebApiDocNS", "Color");
color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Red", new EdmIntegerConstant(0)));
color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Blue", new EdmIntegerConstant(1)));
color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Green", new EdmIntegerConstant(2)));
model.AddElement(color);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EnumType Name="Color">
   <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
   <Member Name="Blue" Value="1" />
   <Member Name="Green" Value="2" />
</EnumType>

Complex Type

Basic Complex Type

We can use EdmComplexType to define a complex type Address as:

EdmComplexType address = new EdmComplexType("WebApiDocNS", "Address");
address.AddStructuralProperty("Country", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
address.AddStructuralProperty("City", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
model.AddElement(address);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="Address">
  <Property Name="Country" Type="Edm.String" />
  <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
</ComplexType>

Derived Complex type

We can set the base type in construct to define a derived complex type SubAddress as:

EdmComplexType subAddress = new EdmComplexType("WebApiDocNS", "SubAddress", address);
subAddress.AddStructuralProperty("Street", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
model.AddElement(subAddress);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="SubAddress" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Address">
  <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
</ComplexType>

Other Complex Types

We can call the following construct to set a complex type whether it is abstract or open.

public EdmComplexType(string namespaceName, string name, IEdmComplexType baseType, bool isAbstract, bool isOpen);

For example:

EdmComplexType address = new EdmComplexType("WebApiDocNS", "Address", baseType: null, isAbstract: true, isOpen: true);
model.AddElement(address);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="Address" Abstract="true" OpenType="true" />

Entity Type

Basic Entity Type

We can use EdmEntityType to define two entity types Customer & Order as:

EdmEntityType customer = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "Customer");
customer.AddKeys(customer.AddStructuralProperty("CustomerId", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32));
customer.AddStructuralProperty("Location", new EdmComplexTypeReference(address, isNullable: true));
model.AddElement(customer);

EdmEntityType order = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "Order");
order.AddKeys(order.AddStructuralProperty("OrderId", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32));
order.AddStructuralProperty("Token", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Guid);
model.AddElement(order);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityType Name="Customer">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
  <Property Name="Location" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" />
</EntityType>
<EntityType Name="Order">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="OrderId" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="OrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
  <Property Name="Token" Type="Edm.Guid" />
</EntityType>

Derived Entity type

We can set the base type in construct to define a derived entity type VipCustomer as:

EdmEntityType vipCustomer = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "VipCustomer", customer);
vipCustomer.AddStructuralProperty("FavoriteColor", new EdmEnumTypeReference(color, isNullable: false));
model.AddElement(vipCustomer);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityType Name="VipCustomer" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
    <Property Name="FavoriteColor" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

Other Entity Types

We can call the following construct to set an entity type whether it is abstract or open.

public EdmEntityType(string namespaceName, string name, IEdmEntityType baseType, bool isAbstract, bool isOpen);

For example:

EdmEntityType customer = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "Customer", baseType: null, isAbstract: true, isOpen: true);
model.AddElement(customer);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityType Name="Customer" Abstract="true" OpenType="true" />

Default Entity Container

Each model MUST define at most one entity container, in which entity sets, singletons and operation imports are defined. For example:

EdmEntityContainer container = new EdmEntityContainer("WebApiDocNS", "Container");
EdmEntitySet customers = container.AddEntitySet("Customers", customer);
EdmEntitySet orders = container.AddEntitySet("Orders", order);
model.AddElement(container);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityContainer Name="Container">
   <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Customer" />
   <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
</EntityContainer>

Singleton

We can also add singleton into entity container. For example:

EdmSingleton mary = container.AddSingleton("Mary", customer);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<Singleton Name="Mary" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" />

Now, we can add navigation property to Customer. For example:

EdmNavigationProperty ordersNavProp = customer.AddUnidirectionalNavigation(
    new EdmNavigationPropertyInfo
    {
        Name = "Orders",
        TargetMultiplicity = EdmMultiplicity.Many,
        Target = order
    });
customers.AddNavigationTarget(ordersNavProp, orders);

It will generate the below metadata document:

First, it will add a new item in the entity type as:

<EntityType Name="Customer">
    ...
    <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
</EntityType>

Second, it will add a new item in the entity container for Customers entity set as:

<EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
  <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
</EntitySet>

Function

Let’s define two functions. One is bound, the other is unbound as:

IEdmTypeReference stringType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String, isNullable: false);
IEdmTypeReference intType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32, isNullable: false);
// Bound
EdmFunction getFirstName = new EdmFunction("WebApiDocNS", "GetFirstName", stringType, isBound: true, entitySetPathExpression: null, isComposable: false);
getFirstName.AddParameter("entity", new EdmEntityTypeReference(customer, false));
model.AddElement(getFirstName);

// Unbound
EdmFunction getNumber = new EdmFunction("WebApiDocNS", "GetOrderCount", intType, isBound: false, entitySetPathExpression: null, isComposable: false);
model.AddElement(getNumber);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<Function Name="GetFirstName" IsBound="true">
   <Parameter Name="entity" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" Nullable="false" />
   <ReturnType Type="Edm.String" Nullable="false" />
</Function>
<Function Name="GetOrderCount">
   <ReturnType Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</Function>

Action

Let’s define two actions. One is bound, the other is unbound as:

// Bound
EdmAction calculate = new EdmAction("WebApiDocNS", "CalculateOrderPrice", returnType: null, isBound: true, entitySetPathExpression: null);
calculate.AddParameter("entity", new EdmEntityTypeReference(customer, false));
model.AddElement(calculate);

// Unbound
EdmAction change = new EdmAction("WebApiDocNS", "ChangeCustomerById", returnType: null, isBound: false, entitySetPathExpression: null);
change.AddParameter("Id", intType);
model.AddElement(change);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<Action Name="CalculateOrderPrice" IsBound="true">
  <Parameter Name="entity" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" Nullable="false" />
</Action>
<Action Name="ChangeCustomerById">
  <Parameter Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</Action>

Function Import

Unbound function can be called through function import. The following codes are used to build a function import:

container.AddFunctionImport("GetOrderCount", getNumber);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<FunctionImport Name="GetOrderCount" Function="WebApiDocNS.GetOrderCount" />

Action Import

Unbound actioin can be called through action import. The following codes are used to build an action import:

container.AddActionImport("ChangeCustomerById", change);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ActionImport Name="ChangeCustomerById" Action="WebApiDocNS.ChangeCustomerById" />

Summary

Let’s put all codes together:

public static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    EdmModel model = new EdmModel();

    // Complex Type
    EdmComplexType address = new EdmComplexType("WebApiDocNS", "Address");
    address.AddStructuralProperty("Country", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    address.AddStructuralProperty("City", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    model.AddElement(address);

    EdmComplexType subAddress = new EdmComplexType("WebApiDocNS", "SubAddress", address);
    subAddress.AddStructuralProperty("Street", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    model.AddElement(subAddress);

    // Enum type
    EdmEnumType color = new EdmEnumType("WebApiDocNS", "Color");
    color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Red", new EdmIntegerConstant(0)));
    color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Blue", new EdmIntegerConstant(1)));
    color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Green", new EdmIntegerConstant(2)));
    model.AddElement(color);

    // Entity type
    EdmEntityType customer = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "Customer");
    customer.AddKeys(customer.AddStructuralProperty("CustomerId", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32));
    customer.AddStructuralProperty("Location", new EdmComplexTypeReference(address, isNullable: true));
    model.AddElement(customer);

    EdmEntityType vipCustomer = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "VipCustomer", customer);
    vipCustomer.AddStructuralProperty("FavoriteColor", new EdmEnumTypeReference(color, isNullable: false));
    model.AddElement(vipCustomer);

    EdmEntityType order = new EdmEntityType("WebApiDocNS", "Order");
    order.AddKeys(order.AddStructuralProperty("OrderId", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32));
    order.AddStructuralProperty("Token", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Guid);
    model.AddElement(order);

    EdmEntityContainer container = new EdmEntityContainer("WebApiDocNS", "Container");
    EdmEntitySet customers = container.AddEntitySet("Customers", customer);
    EdmEntitySet orders = container.AddEntitySet("Orders", order);
    model.AddElement(container);

    // EdmSingleton mary = container.AddSingleton("Mary", customer);

    // navigation properties
    EdmNavigationProperty ordersNavProp = customer.AddUnidirectionalNavigation(
        new EdmNavigationPropertyInfo
        {
            Name = "Orders",
            TargetMultiplicity = EdmMultiplicity.Many,
            Target = order
        });
    customers.AddNavigationTarget(ordersNavProp, orders);
	
    // function
    IEdmTypeReference stringType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String, isNullable: false);
    IEdmTypeReference intType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32, isNullable: false);

    EdmFunction getFirstName = new EdmFunction("WebApiDocNS", "GetFirstName", stringType, isBound: true, entitySetPathExpression: null, isComposable: false);
    getFirstName.AddParameter("entity", new EdmEntityTypeReference(customer, false));
    model.AddElement(getFirstName);

    EdmFunction getNumber = new EdmFunction("WebApiDocNS", "GetOrderCount", intType, isBound: false, entitySetPathExpression: null, isComposable: false);
    model.AddElement(getNumber);
    container.AddFunctionImport("GetOrderCount", getNumber);

    // action
    EdmAction calculate = new EdmAction("WebApiDocNS", "CalculateOrderPrice", returnType: null, isBound: true, entitySetPathExpression: null);
    calculate.AddParameter("entity", new EdmEntityTypeReference(customer, false));
    model.AddElement(calculate);

    EdmAction change = new EdmAction("WebApiDocNS", "ChangeCustomerById", returnType: null, isBound: false, entitySetPathExpression: null);
    change.AddParameter("Id", intType);
    model.AddElement(change);
    container.AddActionImport("ChangeCustomerById", change);

    return model;
}

And the final XML will be:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="WebApiDocNS" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <ComplexType Name="Address">
        <Property Name="Country" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <ComplexType Name="SubAddress" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Address">
        <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <EnumType Name="Color">
        <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
        <Member Name="Blue" Value="1" />
        <Member Name="Green" Value="2" />
      </EnumType>
      <EntityType Name="Customer">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
        <Property Name="Location" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" />
        <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
      </EntityType>
      <EntityType Name="VipCustomer" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
        <Property Name="FavoriteColor" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
      </EntityType>
      <EntityType Name="Order">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="OrderId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="OrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
        <Property Name="Token" Type="Edm.Guid" />
      </EntityType>
      <Function Name="GetFirstName" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" Nullable="false" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.String" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Function Name="GetOrderCount">
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Action Name="CalculateOrderPrice" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <Action Name="ChangeCustomerById">
        <Parameter Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <EntityContainer Name="Container">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
          <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
        </EntitySet>
        <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
        <FunctionImport Name="GetOrderCount" Function="WebApiDocNS.GetOrderCount" />
        <ActionImport Name="ChangeCustomerById" Action="WebApiDocNS.ChangeCustomerById" />
      </EntityContainer>
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>

2.3 Non-convention model builder

To build an Edm model using non-convention model builder is to create an IEdmModel object by directly call fluent APIs of ODataModelBuilder. The developer should take all responsibility to add all Edm types, operations, associations, etc into the data model one by one. Let’s see how to build the Ccustomer-Order* business model by ODataModelBuilder.

CLR Models

Non-convention model builder is based on CLR classes to build the Edm Model. The Customer-Order business CLR classes are present in abstract section.

Enum Type

The following codes are used to add an Enum type Color:

var color = builder.EnumType<Color>();
color.Member(Color.Red);
color.Member(Color.Blue);
color.Member(Color.Green);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EnumType Name="Color">
   <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
   <Member Name="Blue" Value="1" />
   <Member Name="Green" Value="2" />
</EnumType>

Complex Type

Basic Complex Type

The following codes are used to add a complex type Address:

var address = builder.ComplexType<Address>();
address.Property(a => a.Country);
address.Property(a => a.City);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="Address">
  <Property Name="Country" Type="Edm.String" />
  <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
</ComplexType>

Derived Complex type

The following codes are used to add a derived complex type SubAddress:

var subAddress = builder.ComplexType<SubAddress>().DerivesFrom<Address>();
subAddress.Property(s => s.Street);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="SubAddress" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Address">
  <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
</ComplexType>

Abstract Complex type

The following codes are used to add an abstract complex type:

builder.ComplexType<Address>().Abstract();
......

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="Address" Abstract="true">
  ......
</ComplexType>

Open Complex type

In order to build an open complex type, you should change the CLR class by adding an IDictionary<string, object> property, the property name can be any name. For example:

public class Address
{
    public string Country { get; set; }
    public string City { get; set; }
    public IDictionary<string, object> Dynamics { get; set; }
}

Then you can build the open complex type by call HasDynamicProperties():

var address = builder.ComplexType<Address>();
address.Property(a => a.Country);
address.Property(a => a.City);
address.HasDynamicProperties(a => a.Dynamics);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<ComplexType Name="Address" OpenType="true">
  <Property Name="Country" Type="Edm.String" />
  <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
</ComplexType>

You can find that the complex type Address only has two properties, while it has OpenType="true" attribute.

Entity Type

Basic Entity Type

The following codes are used to add two entity types Customer & Order:

var customer = builder.EntityType<Customer>();
customer.HasKey(c => c.CustomerId);
customer.ComplexProperty(c => c.Location);
customer.HasMany(c => c.Orders);

var order = builder.EntityType<Order>();
order.HasKey(o => o.OrderId);
order.Property(o => o.Token);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityType Name="Customer">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Location" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" Nullable="false" />
    <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
</EntityType>
<EntityType Name="Order">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="OrderId" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="OrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Token" Type="Edm.Guid" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

Abstract Open type

The following codes are used to add an abstract entity type:

builder.EntityType<Customer>().Abstract();
......

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityType Name="Customer" Abstract="true">
  ......
</EntityType>

Open Entity type

In order to build an open entity type, you should change the CLR class by adding an IDictionary<string, object> property, while the property name can be any name. For example:

public class Customer
{
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }
    public Address Location { get; set; }
    public IList<Order> Orders { get; set; }
    public IDictionary<string, object> Dynamics { get; set; }
}

Then you can build the open entity type as:

var customer = builder.EntityType<Customer>();
customer.HasKey(c => c.CustomerId);
customer.ComplexProperty(c => c.Location);
customer.HasMany(c => c.Orders);
customer.HasDynamicProperties(c => c.Dynamics);

It will generate the below metadata document:

<EntityType Name="Customer" OpenType="true">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Location" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" Nullable="false" />
    <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
</EntityType>

You can find that the entity type Customer only has three properties, while it has OpenType="true" attribute.

Entity Container

Non-convention model builder will build the default entity container automatically. However, you should build your own entity sets as:

builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");

It will generate the below metadata document:

<Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
    <EntityContainer Name="Container">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
          <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
        </EntitySet>
        <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
    </EntityContainer>
</Schema>

Besides, you can call Singleton<T>() to add singleton into entity container.

Function

It’s very simple to build function (bound & unbound) in Web API OData. The following codes define two functions. The first is bind to Customer, the second is unbound.

var function = customer.Function("BoundFunction").Returns<string>();
function.Parameter<int>("value");
function.Parameter<Address>("address");

function = builder.Function("UnBoundFunction").Returns<int>();
function.Parameter<Color>("color");
function.EntityParameter<Order>("order");

It will generate the below metadata document:

<Function Name="BoundFunction" IsBound="true">
   <Parameter Name="bindingParameter" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" />
   <Parameter Name="value" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
   <Parameter Name="address" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" />
   <ReturnType Type="Edm.String" Unicode="false" />
</Function>
<Function Name="UnBoundFunction">
   <Parameter Name="color" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
   <Parameter Name="order" Type="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
   <ReturnType Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</Function>

Besides, Web API OData will automatically add function imports for all unbound functions. So, the metadata document should has:

<FunctionImport Name="UnBoundFunction" Function="Default.UnBoundFunction" IncludeInServiceDocument="true" />

Action

Same as function, it’s also very simple to build action (bound & unbound) in Web API OData. The following codes define two actions. The first is bind to collection of Customer, the second is unbound.

var action = customer.Collection.Action("BoundAction");
action.Parameter<int>("value");
action.CollectionParameter<Address>("addresses");

action = builder.Action("UnBoundAction").Returns<int>();
action.Parameter<Color>("color");
action.CollectionEntityParameter<Order>("orders");

It will generate the below metadata document:

<Action Name="BoundAction" IsBound="true">
    <Parameter Name="bindingParameter" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Customer)" />
    <Parameter Name="value" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Parameter Name="addresses" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Address)" />
</Action>
<Action Name="UnBoundAction">
    <Parameter Name="color" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
    <Parameter Name="orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
    <ReturnType Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</Action>

Same as function, Web API OData will automatically add action imports for all unbound actions. So, the metadata document should has:

 <ActionImport Name="UnBoundAction" Action="Default.UnBoundAction" />

Summary

Let’s put all codes together:

public static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    var builder = new ODataModelBuilder();

    // enum type
    var color = builder.EnumType<Color>();
    color.Member(Color.Red);
    color.Member(Color.Blue);
    color.Member(Color.Green);

    // complex type
    // var address = builder.ComplexType<Address>().Abstract();
    var address = builder.ComplexType<Address>();
    address.Property(a => a.Country);
    address.Property(a => a.City);
    // address.HasDynamicProperties(a => a.Dynamics);

    var subAddress = builder.ComplexType<SubAddress>().DerivesFrom<Address>();
    subAddress.Property(s => s.Street);

    // entity type
    // var customer = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Abstract();
    var customer = builder.EntityType<Customer>();
    customer.HasKey(c => c.CustomerId);
    customer.ComplexProperty(c => c.Location);
    customer.HasMany(c => c.Orders);
    // customer.HasDynamicProperties(c => c.Dynamics);

    var order = builder.EntityType<Order>();
    order.HasKey(o => o.OrderId);
    order.Property(o => o.Token);

    // entity set
    builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
    builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");

    // function
    var function = customer.Function("BoundFunction").Returns<string>();
    function.Parameter<int>("value");
    function.Parameter<Address>("address");

    function = builder.Function("UnBoundFunction").Returns<int>();
    function.Parameter<Color>("color");
    function.EntityParameter<Order>("order");

    // action
    var action = customer.Collection.Action("BoundAction");
    action.Parameter<int>("value");
    action.CollectionParameter<Address>("addresses");

    action = builder.Action("UnBoundAction").Returns<int>();
    action.Parameter<Color>("color");
    action.CollectionEntityParameter<Order>("orders");

    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

And the final XML will be:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="WebApiDocNS" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <ComplexType Name="Address">
        <Property Name="Country" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <ComplexType Name="SubAddress" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Address">
        <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <EntityType Name="Customer" OpenType="true">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Location" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" Nullable="false" />
        <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
      </EntityType>
      <EntityType Name="Order">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="OrderId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="OrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Token" Type="Edm.Guid" Nullable="false" />
      </EntityType>
      <EnumType Name="Color">
        <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
        <Member Name="Blue" Value="1" />
        <Member Name="Green" Value="2" />
      </EnumType>
    </Schema>
    <Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <Function Name="BoundFunction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="bindingParameter" Type="WebApiDocNS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="value" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Parameter Name="address" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.String" Unicode="false" />
      </Function>
      <Function Name="UnBoundFunction">
        <Parameter Name="color" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
        <Parameter Name="order" Type="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Action Name="BoundAction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="bindingParameter" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Customer)" />
        <Parameter Name="value" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Parameter Name="addresses" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Address)" />
      </Action>
      <Action Name="UnBoundAction">
        <Parameter Name="color" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
        <Parameter Name="orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <EntityContainer Name="Container">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
          <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
        </EntitySet>
        <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
        <FunctionImport Name="UnBoundFunction" Function="Default.UnBoundFunction" IncludeInServiceDocument="true" />
        <ActionImport Name="UnBoundAction" Action="Default.UnBoundAction" />
      </EntityContainer>
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>

2.4 Convention model builder

In the previous two sections, we walk you through the required aspects to build an Edm model by directly using ODatalib or leveraging ODataModelBuilder fluent API in WebApi OData.Obvious, there are many codes you should add to develop a simple Customer-Order business model. However, Web API OData also provides a simple method by using ODataConventionModelBuilder to do the same thing. It’s called convention model builder and can extremely reduce your workload.Convention model builder uses a set of pre-defined rules (called conventions) to help model builder identify Edm types, keys, associations, relationships, etc automatically, and build them into the final Edm data model.

In this section, we will go through all conventions used in convention model builder. First, let’s see how to build the Edm model using ODataConventionModelBuilder.

CLR Models

We also use the Customer-Order business model presented in abstract section.

Build the Edm Model

The following codes can add all related entity types, complex types, enum type and the corresponding entity sets into the Edm model:

public static IEdmModel GetConventionModel()
{
   var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
   builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
   builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");

   return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

It will generate the below metadata document:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="WebApiDocNS" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityType Name="Customer" OpenType="true">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Location" Type="WebApiDocNS.Address" />
        <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(WebApiDocNS.Order)" />
      </EntityType>
      <EntityType Name="Order">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="OrderId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="OrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Token" Type="Edm.Guid" Nullable="false" />
      </EntityType>
      <ComplexType Name="Address" OpenType="true">
        <Property Name="Country" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <ComplexType Name="SubAddress" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Address" OpenType="true">
        <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <EntityType Name="VipCustomer" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Customer" OpenType="true">
        <Property Name="FavoriteColor" Type="WebApiDocNS.Color" Nullable="false" />
      </EntityType>
      <EnumType Name="Color">
        <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
        <Member Name="Blue" Value="1" />
        <Member Name="Green" Value="2" />
      </EnumType>
    </Schema>
    <Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityContainer Name="Container">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Customer">
          <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
        </EntitySet>
        <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="WebApiDocNS.Order" />
      </EntityContainer>
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>

Note: We omit the function/action building because it’s same as non-convention model builder.

Conventions

Wow, how the convention model builder do that! Actually, convention model builder uses a set of pre-defined rules (called conventions) to achieve this. If you open the source code for ODataConventionModelBuilder, You can find the following codes at the beginning of the ODataConventionModelBuilder class:

private static readonly List<IConvention> _conventions = new List<IConvention>
{
	// type and property conventions (ordering is important here).
	new AbstractTypeDiscoveryConvention(),
	new DataContractAttributeEdmTypeConvention(),
	new NotMappedAttributeConvention(), // NotMappedAttributeConvention has to run before EntityKeyConvention
	new DataMemberAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new RequiredAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new ConcurrencyCheckAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new TimestampAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new KeyAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(), // KeyAttributeEdmPropertyConvention has to run before EntityKeyConvention
	new EntityKeyConvention(),
	new ComplexTypeAttributeConvention(), // This has to run after Key conventions, basically overrules them if there is a ComplexTypeAttribute
	new IgnoreDataMemberAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new NotFilterableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new NonFilterableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new NotSortableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new UnsortableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new NotNavigableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new NotExpandableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),
	new NotCountableAttributeEdmPropertyConvention(),

	// INavigationSourceConvention's
	new SelfLinksGenerationConvention(),
	new NavigationLinksGenerationConvention(),
	new AssociationSetDiscoveryConvention(),

	// IEdmFunctionImportConventions's
	new ActionLinkGenerationConvention(),
	new FunctionLinkGenerationConvention(),
};

Where lists the conventions wrapped in convention model builder. However, in ODataConventionModelBuilder, there are some conventions which can’t be clearly listed. Let’s walk you through these conventions one by one with some relevant attributes & annotations to illustrate the convention model builder.

Type Inheritance Identify Convention

Rule: Only derived types can be walked.

For example:

public class Base
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
}

public class Derived : Base
{
}

By using convention builder:

public static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntityType<Base>();
    return builder.GetEdmModel()
}

It will generate the below entity type in the resulted EDM document:

<EntityType Name="Base">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>
<EntityType Name="Derived" BaseType="WebApiDocNS.Base" />

If you change the model builder as:

public static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntityType<Derived>();
    return builder.GetEdmModel()
}

It will generate the below entity type in the resulted EDM document:

<EntityType Name="Derived">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

There is no Base entity type existed.

Abstract type convention

Rule: The Edm type will be marked as abstract if the class is abstract.

public abstract class Base
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
}

The result is :

<EntityType Name="Base" Abstract="true">
   <Key>
     <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
   </Key>
   <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

Entity key convention

Rule: If one and only one property’s name is ‘Id’ or ‘<entity class name>Id’ (case insensitive), it becomes entity key property.

public abstract class Base
{
    public int BaseId { get; set; }
}

The result is:

<EntityType Name="Base" Abstract="true">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="BaseId" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="BaseId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

Key attribute

Rule: The [KeyAttribute] specifies key property, it forces a property without ‘id’ to be Key property. It’ll suppress the entity key convention.

public class Trip
{
    [Key]
    public int TripNum { get; set; }	
    public int Id { get; set; }
}

The result is:

<EntityType Name="Trip">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="TripNum" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
  <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

ComplexType Attribute Convention

Rule-1: Create a class without any ‘id’ or ‘id’ or [`KeyAttribute`] property, like

public class City
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string CountryRegion { get; set; }
    public string Region { get; set; }
}

Rule-2: Add [ComplexType] attribute to a model class: it will remove ‘id’ or ‘id’ or [Key] properties, the model class will have no entity key, thus becomes a complex type.

[ComplexType]
public class PairItem
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Value { get; set; }
}

Then, the above two types wil be built as Complex Type.

DataContract & DataMember

Rule: If using DataContract or DataMember, only property with [DataMember] attribute will be added into Edm model.

[DataContract]
public class Trip
{
    [DataMember]
    [Key]
    public int TripNum { get; set; }
    public Guid? ShareId { get; set; }  // will be eliminated
    [DataMember]
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

The resulted EDM document is:

<EntityType Name="Trip">
  <Key>
	<PropertyRef Name="TripNum" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
  <Property Name="Name" Type="Edm.String" />
</EntityType>

You can also change name-space and property name in EDM document. For example, if the above DataContract attribute is added with NameSpace:

[DataContract(Namespace="My.NewNameSpace")]
public class Trip
{ 
   ...
}

The result will become:

<Schema Namespace="My.NewNameSpace">
  <EntityType Name="Trip">
	<Key>
	  <PropertyRef Name="TripNum"/>
	</Key>
	<Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false"/>
	<Property Name="Name" Type="Edm.String"/>
  </EntityType>
</Schema>

NotMapped Attribute Convention

Rule: [NotMapped] deselects the property to be serialized or deserialized, so to some extent, it can be seen as the converse of DataContract & DataMember.

For example, the above if Trip class is changed to the below, it generates exactly the same Trip Entity in EDM document, that is, no ‘SharedId’ property.

[DataContract]
public class Trip
{
    [DataMember]
    [Key]
    public int TripNum { get; set; }
    [NotMapped]
    public Guid? ShareId { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

The result is:

<EntityType Name="Trip">
  <Key>
	<PropertyRef Name="TripNum"/>
  </Key>
  <Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false"/>
  <Property Name="Name" Type="Edm.String"/>
</EntityType>

Required Attribute Convention

Rule: The property with [Required] attribute will be non-nullable.

public class Trip
{
    [Key]
    public int TripNum { get; set; }
    [NotMapped]
    public Guid? ShareId { get; set; }
    [Required]
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

Then the result has Nullable=”false” for Name property:

<EntityType Name="Trip">
  <Key>
	<PropertyRef Name="TripNum"/>
  </Key>
  <Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false"/>
  <Property Name="Name" Type="Edm.String" Nullable="false"/>
</EntityType>

ConcurrencyCheck Attribute Convention

Rule: It can mark one or more properties for doing optimistic concurrency check on entity updates.

public class Trip
{
    [Key]
    public int TripNum { get; set; }
    public int Id { get; set; }
    [ConcurrencyCheck]
    public string UpdateVersion { get; set; }
}

The expected result should be like the below:

<EntityType Name="Trip">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="TripNum" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="UpdateVersion" Type="Edm.String" ConcurrencyMode="Fixed" />
</EntityType>

Timestamp Attribute Convention

Rule: It’s same as [ConcurrencyCheck].

public class Trip
{
    [Key]
    public int TripNum { get; set; }
    public int Id { get; set; }
    [Timestamp]
    public string UpdateVersion { get; set; }
}

The expected result should be like the below:

<EntityType Name="Trip">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="TripNum" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="TripNum" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="UpdateVersion" Type="Edm.String" ConcurrencyMode="Fixed" />
</EntityType>

IgnoreDataMember Attribute Convention

Rule: It has the same effect as [NotMapped] attribute. It is able to revert the [DataMember] attribute on the property when the model class doesn’t have [DataContract] attribute.

NonFilterable & NotFilterable Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [NonFilterable] or [NotFilterable] will not support $filter query option.

public class QueryLimitCustomer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    [NonFilterable]
    [NotFilterable]
    public string Title { get; set; }
}

Then, if you issue an query option as: ~/odata/Customers?$filter=Title eq 'abc'

You will get the following exception:

The query specified in the URI is not valid. The property 'Title' cannot be used in the $filter query option.

NotSortable & Unsortable Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [NotSortable] or [Unsortable] will not support $orderby query option.

public class QueryLimitCustomer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    [NotSortable]
    [Unsortable]	
    public string Title { get; set; }
}

Then, if you issue an query option as: `~/odata/Customers?$orderby=Title

You will get the following exception:

The query specified in the URI is not valid. The property 'Title' cannot be used in the $orderby query option.

NotNavigable Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [NotNavigable] will not support $select query option.

public class QueryLimitCustomer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    [NotNavigable]	
    public Address address { get; set; }
}

Then, if you issue an query option as: `~/odata/Customers?$select=address

You will get the following exception:

The query specified in the URI is not valid. The property 'address' cannot be used for navigation."

NotExpandable Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [NotExpandable] will not support $expand query option.

public class QueryLimitCustomer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    [NotExpandable]	
    public ICollection<QueryLimitOrder> Orders { get; set; }
}

Then, if you issue an query option as: `~/odata/Customers?$expand=Orders

You will get the following exception:

The query specified in the URI is not valid. The property 'Orders' cannot be used in the $expand query option.

NotCountable Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [NotCountable] will not support $count query option.

public class QueryLimitCustomer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    [NotCountable]	
    public ICollection<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
}

Then, if you issue an query option as: `~/odata/Customers(1)/Addresses?$count=true

You will get the following exception:

The query specified in the URI is not valid. The property 'Addresses' cannot be used for $count.

ForeignKey Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [ForeignKey] will be used to build referential constraint.

public class ForeignCustomer
{
    public int ForeignCustomerId { get; set; }
    public int OtherCustomerKey { get; set; }
    public IList<ForeignOrder> Orders { get; set; }
}

public class ForeignOrder
{
    public int ForeignOrderId { get; set; }
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("CustomerId")]
    public ForeignCustomer Customer { get; set; }
}

You will get the following result:

<EntityType Name="ForeignOrder">
<Key>
  <PropertyRef Name="ForeignOrderId" />
</Key>
<Property Name="ForeignOrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
<Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
<NavigationProperty Name="Customer" Type="WebApiDocNS.ForeignCustomer">
  <ReferentialConstraint Property="CustomerId" ReferencedProperty="ForeignCustomerId" />
</NavigationProperty>
</EntityType>

[ForeignKey] can also put on dependent property. for example:

public class ForeignOrder
{
    public int ForeignOrderId { get; set; }
	
    [ForeignKey("Customer")]
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }
    public ForeignCustomer Customer { get; set; }
}

It’ll get the same result.

ActionOnDelete Attribute Convention

Rule: Property marked with [ActionOnDelete] will be used to build referential constraint action on delete.

public class ForeignCustomer
{
    public int ForeignCustomerId { get; set; }
    public int OtherCustomerKey { get; set; }
    public IList<ForeignOrder> Orders { get; set; }
}

public class ForeignOrder
{
    public int ForeignOrderId { get; set; }
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("CustomerId")]
    [ActionOnDelete(EdmOnDeleteAction.Cascade)]
    public ForeignCustomer Customer { get; set; }
}

You will get the following result:

<EntityType Name="ForeignOrder">
<Key>
  <PropertyRef Name="ForeignOrderId" />
</Key>
<Property Name="ForeignOrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
<Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
<NavigationProperty Name="Customer" Type="WebApiDocNS.ForeignCustomer">
  <OnDelete Action="Cascade" />
  <ReferentialConstraint Property="CustomerId" ReferencedProperty="ForeignCustomerId" />
</NavigationProperty>
</EntityType>

ForeignKeyDiscovery Convention

Rule: A convention used to discover foreign key properties if there is no any foreign key configured on the navigation property. The basic rule to discover the foreign key is: with the same property type and follow up the naming convention. The naming convention is: 1. The “Principal class name + principal key name” equals the dependent property name For example: Customer (Id) <–> Order (CustomerId) 2. or the “Principal key name” equals the dependent property name. For example: Customer (CustomerId) <–> Order (CustomerId)

  
public class PrincipalEntity
{
    public string Id { get; set; }
}

public class DependentEntity
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    public string PrincipalEntityId { get; set; }
    public PrincipalEntity Principal { get; set; }
}

You will get the following result:

<EntityType Name="PrincipalEntity">
<Key>
  <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
</Key>
<Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.String" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>
<EntityType Name="DependentEntity">
<Key>
  <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
</Key>
<Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
<Property Name="PrincipalEntityId" Type="Edm.String" />
<NavigationProperty Name="Principal" Type="WebApiDocNS.PrincipalEntity">

  <ReferentialConstraint Property="PrincipalEntityId" ReferencedProperty="Id" />
</NavigationProperty>
</EntityType>

2.5 Summary

In this chapter, we describe the three methods used to build the Edm model in Web API OData and walk you through every required aspect to build a simple Customer-Order Edm model. It’s recommended to use convention model builder to build Edm model for its simplicity and convenience. However, if user wants to make more control on the model building, or he doesn’t have the corresponding CLR classes, the non-convention model builder and the explicitly method are also very useful.

3. ROUTING

3.1 Introduction Routing
In Web API, Routing is how it matches a request URI to an action in a controller. The Routing of Web API OData is derived from Web API Routing and do more extensions. In Web API OData, an OData controller (not API controller) is severed as the request handler to handle HTTP requests, while the public methods (called action methods) in the controller are invoked to execute the business logic. So, when the client issues a request to OData service, the Web API OData framework will map the request to an action in the OData controller. Such mapping is based on pre-registered Routes in global configuration.

Register the Web API OData Routes

In Web API, developer can use the following codes to register a Web API route into routing table:
```
configuration.routes.MapHttpRoute(
    name: "myRoute",
    routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
    defaults: new { id = ... }
);
```
While, Web API OData re-uses the Web API routing table to register the Web OData Routes. However it provides its own extension method called MapODataServiceRoute to register the OData route. MapODataServiceRoute has many versions, here’s the basic usage:
```
HttpConfiguration configuration = new HttpConfiguration();
configuration.MapODataServiceRoute(routeName:"myRoute", routePrefix:"odata", model: GetEdmModel()));
```
With these codes, we register an OData route named “myRoute”, uses “odata” as prefix and by calling GetEdmModel() to set up the Edm model.

After registering the Web OData routes, we define an OData route template in the routing table. The route template has the following syntax:
```
~/odata/~
```
Now, the Web API OData framework can handle the HTTP request. It tries to match the request Uri against one of the route templates in the routing table. Basically, the following URIs match the odata route:
```
~/odata/Customers
~/odata/Customers(1)
~/odata/Customers/Default.MyFunction()
```
Where, Customers is the entity set names.

However, the following URI does not match the odata route, because it doesn’t match “odata” prefix segment:
```
~/myodata/Customers(1)
```
Routing Convention

Once the odata route is found, Web API OData will parse the request Uri to get the path segments. Web API OData first uses the ODatalib to parse the request Uri to get the ODL path segments, then convert the ODL path segments to Web API OData path segments. Once the Uri Parse is finished, Web API OData will try to find the corresponding OData controller and action. The process to find controller and action are the main part of Routing Convention. Basically, there are two parts of Routing Convention:
1. Convention RoutingIt is also called built-in routing conventions. It uses a set of pre-defined rules to find controller and action.
2. Attribute RoutingIt uses two Attributes to find controller and action. One is ODataRoutePrefixAttribute, the other is ODataRouteAttribute.

3.2 Built-in routing conventions

When Web API gets an OData request, it maps the request to a controller name and an action name. The mapping is based on the HTTP method and the URI. For example, GET /odata/Products(1) maps to ProductsController.GetProduct.This article describe the built-in OData routing conventions. These conventions are designed specifically for OData endpoints, and they replace the default Web API routing system. (The replacement happens when you call MapODataRoute.)

Built-in Routing Conventions

Before describe the OData routing conventions in Web API, it’s helpful to understand OData URIs. An OData URI consists of:

The service root
The odata path
Query options

For example: http://example.com/odata/Products(1)/Supplier?$top=2

The service root : http://example.com/odata
The odata path : Products(1)/Supplier
Query options : ?$top=2

For OData routing, the important part is the OData path. The OData path is divided into segments, each segments are seperated with ‘/’.

[For example], Products(1)/Supplier has three segments:

Products refers to an entity set named “Products”.
1 is an entity key, selecting a single entity from the set.
Supplier is a navigation property that selects a related entity.

So this path picks out the supplier of product 1.

OData path segments do not always correspond to URI segments. For example, “1” is considered a key path segment.

Controller Names. The controller name is always derived from the entity set at the root of the OData path. For example, if the OData path is Products(1)/Supplier, Web API looks for a controller named ProductsController.

So, the controller convention is: [entityset name] + “Controller”, derived from ODataController

Action Names. Action names are derived from the path segments plus the entity data model (EDM), as listed in the following tables. In some cases, you have two choices for the action name. For example, “Get” or “GetProducts”.

Querying Entities

Creating, Updating, and Deleting Entities

Operation on Navigation Property

Querying, Creating and Deleting Links

Properties

Request	Example URI	Action Name	Example Action
GET /entityset(key)/property	/Products(1)/Name	GetPropertyFromEntityType or GetProperty	GetNameFromProduct
GET /entityset(key)/cast/property	/Products(1)/Models.Book/Author	GetPropertyFromEntityType or GetProperty	GetTitleFromBook

Actions

Action only supports the POST request method, and the parameters are sent using the request body. In controller, each action is using an ODataActionParameters to accept the parameters’ value:

Functions

Functions only supports the GET request method.

Method Signatures

Here are some rules for the method signatures:

If the path contains a key, the action should have a parameter named key.
If the path contains a key into a navigation property, the action should have a parameter named relatedKey.
POST and PUT requests take a parameter of the entity type.
PATCH requests take a parameter of type Delta, where T is the entity type.

For reference, here is an example that shows method signatures for most built-in OData routing convention.

public class ProductsController : ODataController
{
    // GET /odata/Products
    public IQueryable<Product> Get()

    // GET /odata/Products(1)
    public Product Get(int key)

    // GET /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book
    public Book GetBook(int key)

    // POST /odata/Products 
    public HttpResponseMessage Post(Product item)

    // PUT /odata/Products(1)
    public HttpResponseMessage Put(int key, Product item)

    // PATCH /odata/Products(1)
    public HttpResponseMessage Patch(int key, Delta<Product> item)

    // DELETE /odata/Products(1)
    public HttpResponseMessage Delete(int key)

    // PUT /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book
    public HttpResponseMessage PutBook(int key, Book item)

    // PATCH /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book
    public HttpResponseMessage PatchBook(int key, Delta<Book> item)

    // DELETE /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book
    public HttpResponseMessage DeleteBook(int key)

    // GET /odata/Products(1)/Supplier
    public Supplier GetSupplierFromProduct(int key)

    // GET /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book/Author
    public Author GetAuthorFromBook(int key)

    // POST /odata/Products(1)/Supplier/$ref
    public HttpResponseMessage CreateLink(int key, 
        string navigationProperty, [FromBody] Uri link)

    // DELETE /odata/Products(1)/Supplier/$ref
    public HttpResponseMessage DeleteLink(int key, 
        string navigationProperty, [FromBody] Uri link)

    // DELETE /odata/Products(1)/Parts(1)/$ref
    public HttpResponseMessage DeleteLink(int key, string relatedKey, string navigationProperty)

    // GET odata/Products(1)/Name
    // GET odata/Products(1)/Name/$value
    public HttpResponseMessage GetNameFromProduct(int key)

    // GET /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book/Title
    // GET /odata/Products(1)/ODataRouting.Models.Book/Title/$value
    public HttpResponseMessage GetTitleFromBook(int key)
}

Update form Routing Conventions in OData V3.0

3.3 Attribute Routing
Same as Web API, Web API OData supports a new type of routing called attribute routing. It uses two Attributes to find controller and action. One is ODataPrefixAttribute, the other is ODataRouteAttribute.You can use attribute routing to define more complex routes and put more control over the routing. Most important, it can extend the coverage of convention routing. For example, you can easily use attribute routing to route the following Uri:
```
~/odata/Customers(1)/Orders/Price
```
In Web API OData, attribute routing is combined with convention routing by default.

Enabling Attribute Routing

ODataRoutingConventions provides two methods to register routing conventions:
```
public static IList<IODataRoutingConvention> CreateDefaultWithAttributeRouting(HttpConfiguration configuration, IEdmModel model)

public static IList<IODataRoutingConvention> CreateDefault()
```
As the name implies, the first one creates a mutable list of the default OData routing conventions with attribute routing enabled, while the second one only includes convention routing.

In fact, when you call the basic MapODataServiceRoute, it enables the attribute routing by default as:
```
public static ODataRoute MapODataServiceRoute(this HttpConfiguration configuration, string routeName, string routePrefix, IEdmModel model, ODataBatchHandler batchHandler)
{
    return MapODataServiceRoute(configuration, routeName, routePrefix, model, new DefaultODataPathHandler(),
        ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefaultWithAttributeRouting(configuration, model), batchHandler);
}
```
However, you can call other version of MapODataServiceRoute to custom your own routing conventions. For example:
```
public static ODataRoute MapODataServiceRoute(this HttpConfiguration configuration, string routeName, string routePrefix, IEdmModel model, IODataPathHandler pathHandler, IEnumerable<IODataRoutingConvention> routingConventions)
```
ODataRouteAttribute

ODataRouteAttribute is an attribute that can, and only can be placed on an action of an OData controller to specify the OData URLs that the action handles.

Here is an example of an action defined using an ODataRouteAttribute:
```
public class MyController : ODataController
{
    [HttpGet]
    [ODataRoute("Customers({id})/Address/City")]
    public string GetCityOfACustomer([FromODataUri]int id)
    {
        ......
    }
}
```
With this attribute, Web API OData tries to match the request Uri with Customers({id})/Address/City routing template to GetCityOfACustomer() function in MyController. For example, the following request Uri will invoke GetCityOfACustomer:
```
~/odata/Customers(1)/Address/City
~/odata/Customers(2)/Address/City
~/odata/Customers(301)/Address/City
```
For the above request Uri, id in the function will have 1, 2 and 301 value.

However, for the following request Uri, it can’t match to `GetCityOfACustomer()’:
```
~/odata/Customers
~/odata/Customers(1)/Address
```
Web API OData supports to put multiple ODataRouteAttribute on the same OData action. For example,
```
public class MyController : ODataController
{
    [HttpGet]
    [ODataRoute("Customers({id})/Address/City")]
    [ODataRoute("Products({id})/Address/City")]
    public string GetCityOfACustomer([FromODataUri]int id)
    {
        ......
    }
}
```
ODataRoutePrefixAttribute

ODataRoutePrefixAttribute is an attribute that can, and only can be placed on an OData controller to specify the prefix that will be used for all actions of that controller.

ODataRoutePrefixAttribute is used to reduce the routing template in ODataRouteAttribute if all routing template in the controller start with the same prefix. For example:
```
public class MyController : ODataController
{
    [ODataRoute("Customers({id})/Address")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetAddress(int id)
    {
        ......
    }

    [ODataRoute("Customers({id})/Address/City")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetCity(int id)
    {
        ......
    }

    [ODataRoute("Customers({id})/Order")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetOrder(int id)
    {
        ......
    }
}
```
Then you can use ODataRoutePrefixAttribute attribute on the controller to set a common prefix.
```
[ODataRoutePrefix("Customers({id})")]
public class MyController : ODataController
{
    [ODataRoute("Address")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetAddress(int id)
    {
        ......
    }

    [ODataRoute("Address/City")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetCity(int id)
    {
        ......
    }

    [ODataRoute("/Order")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetOrder(int id)
    {
        ......
    }
}
```
Now, Web API OData supports to put multiple ODataRoutePrefixAttribute on the same OData controller. For example,
```
[ODataRoutePrefix("Customers({key})")]  
[ODataRoutePrefix("VipCustomer")]  
public class ODataControllerWithMultiplePrefixes : ODataController  
{
    ......  
}
```
Route template

The route template is the route combined with ODataRoutePrefixAttribute and ODataRouteAttribute. So, for the following example:
```
[ODataRoutePrefix("Customers")]  
public class MyController : ODataController  
{
    [ODataRoute("({id})/Address")]
    public IHttpActionResult GetAddress(int id)
    {
        ......
    }
}
```
The GetAddress matches to Customers({id})/Address route template. It’s called key template because there’s a template {id}. So far in Web API OData, it supports two kind of templates:
1. key template, for example:
```
[ODataRoute("({id})/Address")]
[ODataRoute("Clients({clientId})/MyOrders({orderId})/OrderLines")]
```
1. function parameter template, for example:
```
[ODataRoute("Customers({id})/NS.MyFunction(city={city})")]
[ODataRoute("Customers/Default.BoundFunction(SimpleEnum={p1})")]
```
Web API OData team also works to add the third template, that is the dynamic property template. It’s planed to ship in next release.

You can refer to this blog for attribute routing in Web API 2.

3.4 Custom routing convention

It’s easy to custom your own routing convention to override the default Web API OData routing convention. Let’s see how to target it.

Property access routing convention

From built-in routing convention section, we know that users should add many actions for every property access.

For example, if the client issues the following property access request Uris:

~/odata/Customers(1)/Orders
~/odata/Customers(1)/Address
~/odata/Customers(1)/Name
...

Service should have the following actions in CustomersController to handle:

public class CustomersController : ODataController
{
    public string GetOrders([FromODataUri]int key)
    {
        ......
    }
	
    public string GetAddress([FromODataUri]int key)
    {
        ......
    }
	
    public string GetName([FromODataUri]int key)
    {
        ......
    }
}

If Customer has hundreds of properties, users should add hundres of similar functions in CustomersController. It’s boring and we can create our own routing convention to override it.

Custom routing convention

We can create our own routing convention class by implementing the IODataRoutingConvention. However, if you don’t want to change the behaviour to find the controller, the new added routing convention class can derive from `NavigationSourceRoutingConvention’.

Let’s build a sample property access routing convention class derived from NavigationSourceRoutingConvention.

public class CustomPropertyRoutingConvention : NavigationSourceRoutingConvention
{
  private const string ActionName = "GetProperty";

  public override string SelectAction(ODataPath odataPath, HttpControllerContext controllerContext, ILookup<string, HttpActionDescriptor> actionMap)
  {
    if (odataPath == null || controllerContext == null || actionMap == null)
    {
       return null;
    }

    if (odataPath.PathTemplate == "~/entityset/key/property" ||
        odataPath.PathTemplate == "~/entityset/key/cast/property" ||
	odataPath.PathTemplate == "~/singleton/property" ||
	odataPath.PathTemplate == "~/singleton/cast/property")
    {
      var segment = odataPath.Segments[odataPath.Segments.Count - 1] as PropertyAccessPathSegment;

      if (segment != null)
      {
 	  string actionName = FindMatchingAction(actionMap, ActionName);

	  if (actionName != null)
	  {
	    if (odataPath.PathTemplate.StartsWith("~/entityset/key", StringComparison.Ordinal))
	    {
	      KeyValuePathSegment keyValueSegment = odataPath.Segments[1] as KeyValuePathSegment;
	      controllerContext.RouteData.Values[ODataRouteConstants.Key] = keyValueSegment.Value;
	    }

	    controllerContext.RouteData.Values["propertyName"] = segment.PropertyName;

	    return actionName;
	  }
	}
     }

     return null;
   }

   public static string FindMatchingAction(ILookup<string, HttpActionDescriptor> actionMap, params string[] targetActionNames)
   {
     foreach (string targetActionName in targetActionNames)
     {
       if (actionMap.Contains(targetActionName))
       {
   	  return targetActionName;
       }
     }

     return null;
   }
}

Where, we routes the following path templates to a certain action named GetProperty.

~/entityset/key/property
~/entityset/key/cast/property
~/singleton/property
~/singleton/cast/property

Enable customized routing convention

The following sample codes are used to enable the customized routing convention:

HttpConfiguration configuration = ......
IEdmModel model = GetEdmModel();
IList<IODataRoutingConvention> conventions = ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefaultWithAttributeRouting(configuration, model);
conventions.Insert(0, new CustomPropertyRoutingConvention());
configuration.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", model, new DefaultODataPathHandler(), conventions);

Where, we insert our own routing convention at the starting position to override the default Web API OData property access routing convention.

Add actions

In the CustomersController, only one method named GetProperty should be added.

public class CustomersController : ODataController
{
	[HttpGet]
	public IHttpActionResult GetProperty(int key, string propertyName)
	{
		Customer customer = _customers.FirstOrDefault(c => c.CustomerId == key);
		if (customer == null)
		{
			return NotFound();
		}

		PropertyInfo info = typeof(Customer).GetProperty(propertyName);

		object value = info.GetValue(customer);

		return Ok(value, value.GetType());
	}
	
	private IHttpActionResult Ok(object content, Type type)
	{
		var resultType = typeof(OkNegotiatedContentResult<>).MakeGenericType(type);
		return Activator.CreateInstance(resultType, content, this) as IHttpActionResult;
	}
}

Samples

Let’s have some request Uri samples to test:

GET http://localhost/odata/Customers(2)/Name

The result is:

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers(2)/Name","value": "Mike"
}

GET http://localhost/odata/Customers(2)/Location

The result is:

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers(2)/Salary","value ":2000.0
}

GET http://localhost/odata/Customers(2)/Location

The result is:

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers(2)/Location","Country":"The United States","City":"Redmond"
}

4. ODATA FEATURES

4.1 DateTime support
This sample will introduce how to support DateTime type in Web API OData V4.

Build DateTime Type

OData V4 doesn’t include DateTime as primitive type. Web API OData V4 uses DateTimeOffset to represent the DateTime. For example, if user defines a model as:
```
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    public DateTime Birthday { get; set; }
}
```
The metadata document for Customer entity type will be:
```
<EntityType Name="Customer">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Birthday" Type="Edm.DateTimeOffset" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>
```
Time Zone Configuration

By Default, converting between DateTimeOffset and DateTime will lose the Time Zone information. Therefore, Web API provides a API to config the Time Zone information on server side. For example:
```
HttpConfiguration configuration = ...
TimeZoneInfo timeZoneInfo = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById("Pacific Standard Time"); // -8:00
configuration.SetTimeZoneInfo(timeZoneInfo);
```
$filter DateTime

Since Web API OData 5.6, it supports to filter on DateTime type. For example:
```
GET ~/Customers?$filter=Birthday lt cast(2015-04-01T04:11:31%2B08:00,Edm.DateTimeOffset)
GET ~/Customers?$filter=year(Birthday) eq 2010
```
$orderby DateTime

Since Web API OData 5.6, it supports to orderby on DateTime type. For example:
```
GET ~/Customers?$orderby=Birthday
GET ~/Customers?$orderby=Birthday desc
```
Thanks.

4.2 Referential constraint

The following sample codes can be used for Web API OData V3 & V4 with a little bit function name changing.

Define Referential Constraint Using Attribute

There is an attribute named “ForeignKeyAttribute” which can be place on:

1.the foreign key property and specify the associated navigation property name, for example:

public class Order
{
    public int OrderId { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("Customer")]
    public int MyCustomerId { get; set; }

    public Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

2.a navigation property and specify the associated foreign key name, for example:

public class Order
{
    public int OrderId { get; set; }

    public int CustId1 { get; set; }
    public string CustId2 { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("CustId1,CustId2")]
    public Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

Where, Customer has two keys.

Now, you can build the Edm Model by convention model builder as:

public IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{            
    ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
    builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");
    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

Define Referential Constraint Using Convention

If user doesn’t add any referential constraint, Web API will try to help user to discovery the foreign key automatically. There are two conventions as follows: 1.With same property type and same type name plus key name. For example:

public class Customer
{ 
   [Key]
   public string Id {get;set;}
   public IList<Order> Orders {get;set;}
}
public class Order
{
    public int OrderId { get; set; }
    public string CustomerId {get;set;}
    public Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

Where, Customer type name “Customer” plus key name “Id” equals the property “CustomerId” in the Order.

2.With same property type and same property name. For example:

public class Customer
{ 
   [Key]
   public string CustomerId {get;set;}
   public IList<Order> Orders {get;set;}
}

public class Order
{
    public int OrderId { get; set; }
    public string CustomerId {get;set;}
    public Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

Where, Property (key) “CustomerId” in the Customer equals the property “CustomerId” in the Order.

Now, you can build the Edm Model using convention model builder same as above section.

Define Referential Constraint Programmatically

You can call the new added Public APIs (HasRequired, HasOptional) to define the referential constraint when defining a navigation property. For example:

public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
       
    public IList<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}

public class Order
{
    public int OrderId { get; set; }
 
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }         

    public Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
builder.EntityType<Customer>().HasKey(c => c.Id).HasMany(c => c.Orders);
builder.EntityType<Order>().HasKey(c => c.OrderId)
    .HasRequired(o => o.Customer, (o, c) => o.CustomerId == c.Id);
    .CascadeOnDelete();

It also supports to define multiple referential constraints, for example:

builder.EntityType<Order>()
    .HasKey(o => o.OrderId)
    .HasRequired(o => o.Customer, (o,c) => o.Key1 == c.Id1 && o.Key2 == c.Id2);

Define Nullable Referential Constraint Using Convention

Currently, it doesn’t suppport to define nullable referential constraint from attribute and convention method. However, you can do it by Programmatically by calling HasOptional() method:

For example:

public class Product
{
    [Key]
    public int ProductId { get; set; }

    public int SupplierId { get; set; }

    public Supplier Supplier { get; set; }
}

public class Category
{
    [Key]
    public int CategoryId { get; set; }
}

ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
builder.EntitySet<Product>("Product");
var product = builder.EntityType<Product>().HasOptional(p => p.Supplier, (p, s) => p.SupplierId == s.SupplierId);

Then you can get the following result:

<EntityType Name="Product">
    <Key>
      <PropertyRef Name="ProductId" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="SupplierId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
    <Property Name="ProductId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="CategoryId" Type="Edm.Int32" />
    <NavigationProperty Name="Supplier" Type="WebApiService.Supplier">
      <ReferentialConstraint Property="SupplierId" ReferencedProperty="SupplierId" />
    </NavigationProperty>
    <NavigationProperty Name="Category" Type="WebApiService.Category" />
</EntityType>

Where, CategoryId is nullable while navigation property Supplier is nullable too.

Thanks.

4.3 Nested $filter in $expand

OData Web API v5.5 supports nested $filter in $expand, e.g.: .../Customers?$expand=Orders($filter=Id eq 10)POCO classes:

public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public IEnumerable<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}

public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

Map route, e.g., in WebApiConfig.cs:

var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder(config);
builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
var model = builder.GetEdmModel();
config.MapODataServiceRoute("orest", "orest", model);

Controller:

public class CustomersController : ODataController
{
    private Customer[] _customers =
    {
        new Customer
        {
            Id = 0,
            Name = "abc",
            Orders = new[]
            {
                new Order { Id = 10, Name = "xyz" },
                new Order { Id = 11, Name = "def" },
            }
        }
    };

    [EnableQuery]
    public IHttpActionResult Get()
    {
        return Ok(_customers.AsQueryable());
    }
}

Request: http://localhost:port_number/orest/Customers?$expand=Orders($filter=Id eq 10)

Response:

{
    "@odata.context": "http://localhost:52953/orest/$metadata#Customers",
    "value": [
        {
            "Id": 0,
            "Name": "abc",
            "Orders": [
                {
                    "Id": 10,
                    "Name": "xyz"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

4.4 Edm.Date and Edm.TimeOfDay
This sample introduces how to use the Edm.Date & Edm.TimeOfDay supported in Web API OData V5.5.

Build Edm Model

ODL V6.8 introduces two new primitive types. One is Edm.Date, the other is Edm.TimeOfDay. Besides, it also introduces two new struct types to represent the CLR types of Edm.Date and Edm.TimeOfDay. So, developers can use the new CLR struct types to define their CLR model. For example, if user defines a model as:
```
using Microsoft.OData.Edm.Library;
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    public DateTimeOffset Birthday { get; set; }
    
    public Date Publish { get; set; }
    
    public TimeOfDay CheckTime{ get; set;}
}
```
The metadata document for Customer entity type will be:
```
<EntityType Name="Customer">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Birthday" Type="Edm.DateTimeOffset" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Publish" Type="Edm.Date" Nullable="false"/>
    <Property Name="CheckTime" Type="Edm.TimeOfDay" Nullable="false"/>
</EntityType>
```
Build-in Functions

Along with the Edm.Date & Edm.TimeOfDay, new date and time related built-in functions are supported in Web API OData V5.5.

Here’s the list:
- Date
  - Edm.Int32 year(Edm.Date)
  - Edm.Int32 month(Edm.Date)
  - Edm.Int32 day(Edm.Date)
- TimeOfDay
  - Edm.Int32 hour(Edm.TimeOfDay)
  - Edm.Int32 minute(Edm.TimeOfDay)
  - Edm.Int32 second(Edm.TimeOfDay)
  - Edm.Decimal fractionalseconds(Edm.TimeOfDay)
- DateTimeOffset
  - Edm.Decimal fractionalseconds(Edm.DateTimeOffset)
  - Edm.Date date(Edm.DateTimeOffset)
  - Edm.TimeOfDay time(Edm.DateTimeOffset)
Query examples

Let’s show some query request examples:
- Date
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=year(Publish) eq 2015
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=month(Publish) ne 11
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=day(Publish) lt 8
- TimeOfDay
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=hour(CheckTime) eq 2
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=minute(CheckTime) ge 11
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=second(CheckTime) lt 18
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=fractionalseconds(CheckTime) eq 0.04
- DateTimeOffset
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=fractionalseconds(Birthday) lt 0.04
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=date(Birthday) lt 2015-03-23
  - ~/odata/Customers?$filter=time(Birthday) eq 03:04:05.90100
Thanks.

4.5 Abstract entity types

Since Web API OData V5.5-beta, it is allowed to:

define abstract entity types without keys.
define abstract type (entity & complex) without any properties.
define derived entity types with their own keys.

Let’s see some examples:

Entity type example:

The CLR model is shown as below:

public abstract class Animal
{
}

public class Dog : Animal
{
  public int DogId { get; set; }
}

public class Pig : Animal
{
  public int PigId { get; set; }
}

We can use the following codes to build Edm Model:

  var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
  builder.EntityType<Animal>();
  builder.EntitySet<Dog>("Dogs");
  builder.EntitySet<Pig>("Pigs");
  IEdmModel model = builder.GetEdmModel()

Then, we can get the metadata document for Animal as:

<EntityType Name="Animal" Abstract="true" />
<EntityType Name="Dog" BaseType="NS.Animal">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="DogId" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="DogId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>
<EntityType Name="Pig" BaseType="NS.Animal">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="PigId" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="PigId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

Note: 1. Animal is an abstract entity type without any keys and any properties 2. Dog & Pig are two sub entity types derived from Animal with own keys.

However, it’s obvious that abstract entity type without keys can’t be used to define any navigation sources (entity set or singleton). So, if you try to:

builder.EntitySet<Animal>("Animals");

you will get the following exception:

System.InvalidOperationException: The entity set or singlet on 'Animals' is based on type 'NS.Animal' that has no keys defined.

Complex type example

Let’s see a complex example. The CLR model is shown as below:

public abstract class Graph
{ }

public class Point : Graph
{
  public int X { get; set; }
  public int Y { get; set; }
}

public class Line : Graph
{
  public IList<Point> Vertexes { get; set; }
}

We can use the following codes to build Edm Model:

  var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
  builder.ComplexType<Graph>();
  IEdmModel model = builder.GetEdmModel()

Then, we can get the metadata document for Graph as:

<ComplexType Name="Graph" Abstract="true" />
<ComplexType Name="Point" BaseType="NS.Graph">
    <Property Name="X" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="Y" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</ComplexType>
<ComplexType Name="Line" BaseType="NS.Graph">
    <Property Name="Vertexes" Type="Collection(NS.Point)" />
</ComplexType>

Where, Graph is an abstract complex type without any properties.

Thanks.

4.6 Function parameter support

Since Web API OData V5.5-beta, it supports the following types as function parameter:

Primitive
Enum
Complex
Entity
Entity Reference
Collection of above

Let’s see how to build and use the above types in function.

CLR Model

First of all, we create the following CLR classes as our model:

public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

public class SubCustomer : Customer
{
    public double Price { get; set; }
}

public class Address
{
    public string City { get; set; }
}

public class SubAddress : Address
{
    public string Street { get; set; }
}

public enum Color
{
    Red,
    Blue,
    Green
}

Build Edm Model

Now, we can build the Edm Model as:

private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
    builder.ComplexType<Address>();
    builder.EnumType<Color>();

    BuildFunction(builder);
    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

where, BuildFunction() is a helper function in which functions can be built.

Primitive and Collection of Primitive parameter

Configuration

In BuildFunction(), we can configure a function with Primitive and collection of Primitive parameters:

var function = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Function("PrimtiveFunction").Returns<string>();
function.Parameter<int>("p1");
function.Parameter<int?>("p2");
function.CollectionParameter<int>("p3");

Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method:

[HttpGet]
public string PrimtiveFunction(int p1, int? p2, [FromODataUri]IEnumerable<int> p3)
{
   ...
}

Request Samples

We can invoke the function as:

~/odata/Customers/Default.PrimitiveFunction(p1=1,p2=9,p3=[1,3,5,7,9])
~/odata/Customers/Default.PrimitiveFunction(p1=2,p2=null,p3=[1,3,5,7,9])
~/odata/Customers/Default.PrimitiveFunction(p1=3,p2=null,p3=@p)?@p=[2,4,6,8]

Enum and Collection of Enum parameter

Configuration

In BuildFunction(), we can configure a function with Enum and collection of Enum parameters:

var function = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Function("EnumFunction").Returns<string>();
function.Parameter<Color>("e1");
function.Parameter<Color?>("e2"); // nullable
function.CollectionParameter<Color?>("e3"); // Collection of nullable

Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method :

[HttpGet]
public string EnumFunction(Color e1, Color? e2, [FromODataUri]IEnumerable<Color?> e3)
{
  ...
}

Request Samples

We can invoke the Enum function as:

~/odata/Customers/Default.EnumFunction(e1=NS.Color'Red',e2=NS.Color'Green',e3=['Red', null, 'Blue'])
~/odata/Customers/Default.EnumFunction(e1=NS.Color'Blue',e2=null,e3=['Red', null, 'Blue'])
~/odata/Customers/Default.EnumFunction(e1=NS.Color'Blue',e2=null,e3=@p)?@p=['Red', null, 'Blue']

Complex and Collection of Complex parameter

Configuration

In BuildFunction(), we can configure a function with Complex and collection of Complex parameters:

var function = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Function("ComplexFunction").Returns<string>();
function.Parameter<Address>("c1");
function.CollectionParameter<Address>("c2");

Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method :

[HttpGet]
public string ComplexFunction([FromODataUri]Address c1, [FromODataUri]IEnumerable<Address> c2)
{
  ...
}

Request Samples

We can invoke the complex function as:

~/odata/Customers/Default.ComplexFunction(c1=@x,c2=@y)?@x={"@odata.type":"%23NS.Address","City":"Redmond"}&@y=[{"@odata.type":"%23NS.Address","City":"Redmond"},{"@odata.type":"%23NS.SubAddress","City":"Shanghai", "Street":"Zi Xing Rd"}]
~/odata/Customers/Default.ComplexFunction(c1={"@odata.type":"%23NS.Address","City":"Redmond"},c2=[{"@odata.type":"%23NS.Address","City":"Redmond"},{"@odata.type":"%23NS.SubAddress","City":"Shanghai", "Street":"Zi Xing Rd"}])
~/odata/Customers/Default.ComplexFunction(c1=null,c2=@p)?@p=[null,{"@odata.type":"%23NS.SubAddress","City":"Shanghai", "Street":"Zi Xing Rd"}]

Entity and Collection of Entity parameter

Configuration

In BuildFunction(), we can configure a function with Entity and collection of Entity parameters:

var function = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Function("EntityFunction").Returns<string>();
function.EntityParameter<Customer>("a1");
function.CollectionEntityParameter<Customer>("a2");

It’s better to call EntityParameter<T> and CollectionEntityParameter<T> to define entity and collection of entity parameter.

Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method :

[HttpGet]
public string EntityFunction([FromODataUri]Customer a1, [FromODataUri]IEnumerable<Customer> a2)
{
  ...
}

Request Samples

We can invoke the entity function as:

~/odata/Customers/Default.EntityFunction(a1=@x,a2=@y)?@x={"@odata.type":"%23NS.Customer","Id":1,"Name":"John"}&@y={"value":[{"@odata.type":"%23NS.Customer","Id":2, "Name":"Mike"},{"@odata.type":"%23NS.SubCustomer","Id":3,"Name":"Tony", "Price":9.9}]}
~/odata/Customers/Default.EntityFunction(a1=@x,a2=@y)?@x=null&@y={"value":[]}

However, only parameter alias is supported for entity.

Entity Reference and collection of Entity Reference parameter

In fact, we can’t build a function with entity reference as parameter. However, we can call the function with entity parameter using entity reference value. So, without any change for the EntityFunction, we can call as:

~/odata/Customers/Default.EntityFunction(a1=@x,a2=@y)?@x={"@odata.id":"http://localhost/odata/Customers(2)"}&@y={"value":[{"@odata.id":"http://localhost/odata/Customers(2)"},{"@odata.id":"http://localhost/odata/Customers(3)"}]}

FromODataUri

‘[FromODataUri]’ is mandatory for complex, entity and all collection. However, it is optional for Primitive & Enum. But for string primitive type, the value will contain single quotes without ‘[FromODataUri]’.

Thanks.

For un-typed scenario, please refer to untyped page.

4.7 Action parameter support
Since Web API OData V5.5-beta, it supports the following types as action parameter:
1. Primitive
2. Enum
3. Complex
4. Entity
5. Collection of above
Let’s see how to build and use the above types in action.

CLR Model

Re-use the CLR models in function sample.

Build Edm Model

Same as build Edm Model in function sample, but change the helper function as BuildAction().

Primitive and Collection of Primitive parameter

Configuration

In BuildAction(), we can configure an action with Primitive and collection of Primitive parameters:
```
var action = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Action("PrimtiveAction");
action.Parameter<int>("p1");
action.Parameter<int?>("p2");
action.CollectionParameter<int>("p3");
```
Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method:
```
[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult PrimitiveAction(ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
   ...
}
```
Request Samples

We can invoke the action by issuing a Post on ~/odata/Customers/Default.PrimitiveAction with the following request body:
```
{
  "p1":7,
  "p2":9,
  "p3":[1,3,5,7,9]
}
```
Enum and Collection of Enum parameter

Configuration

In BuildAction(), we can configure an action with Enum and collection of Enum parameters:
```
var action = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Action("EnumAction");
action.Parameter<Color>("e1");
action.Parameter<Color?>("e2"); // nullable
action.CollectionParameter<Color?>("e3"); // Collection of nullable
```
Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method :
```
[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult EnumAction(ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
  ...
}
```
Request Samples

We can invoke the action by issuing a Post on ~/odata/Customers/Default.EnumAction with the following request body:
```
{
  "e1":"Red",
  "e2":"Green",
  "e3":["Red", null, "Blue"]
}
```
Complex and Collection of Complex parameter

Configuration

In BuildAction(), we can configure an action with Complex and collection of Complex parameters:
```
var action = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Action("ComplexAction").Returns<string>();
action.Parameter<Address>("address");
action.CollectionParameter<Address>("addresses");
```
Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method :
```
[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult ComplexAction(ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
  ...
}
```
Request Samples

We can invoke the action by issuing a Post on ~/odata/Customers/Default.ComplexAction with the following request body:
```
{
  "address":{"City":"Redmond"},
  "addresses":[{"@odata.type":"#NS.Address","City":"Redmond"},{"@odata.type":"#NS.SubAddress","City":"Shanghai","Street":"Zi Xing Rd"}]
}
```
Entity and Collection of Entity parameter

Configuration

In BuildAction(), we can configure an action with Entity and collection of Entity parameters:
```
var action = builder.EntityType<Customer>().Collection.Action("EntityAction").Returns<string>();
action.EntityParameter<Customer>("customer");
action.CollectionEntityParameter<Customer>("customers");
```
It’s better to call EntityParameter<T> and CollectionEntityParameter<T> to define entity and collection of entity parameter.

Routing

In the CustomersController, add the following method :
```
[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult EntityAction(ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
  ...
}
```
Request Samples

We can invoke the action by issuing a Post on ~/odata/Customers/Default.EntityAction with the following request body:
```
{
  "customer":{"@odata.type":"#NS.Customer","Id":1,"Name":"John"},
  "customers":[
    {"@odata.type":"#NS.Customer","Id":2, "Name":"Mike"},
    {"@odata.type":"#NS.SubCustomer","Id":3,"Name":"Tony", "Price":9.9}
  ]
}
```
Know issues
1. It doesn’t work if “null” value in the collection of entity in the payload. See detail in #100.
2. It doesn’t work if anything else follows up the collection of entity in the payload. See detail in #65
Null value

If you invoke an action with a ‘null’ action parameter value, please don’t add the parameter (for example, "p1":null) in the payload and leave it un-specified. However, for collection, you should always specify it even the collection is an empty collection (for example, "p1":[]).

Thanks.

For un-typed scenario, please refer to untyped page.

4.8 Operation paramters in untyped scenarios

In this page, we introduce the Function/Action parameter in untyped scenario. For CLR typed scenarios, please refer to Function page and Action page.

Build Edm Model

Let’s build the Edm Model from scratch:

private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    EdmModel model = new EdmModel();

    // Enum type "Color"
    EdmEnumType colorEnum = new EdmEnumType("NS", "Color");
    colorEnum.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(colorEnum, "Red", new EdmIntegerConstant(0)));
    colorEnum.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(colorEnum, "Blue", new EdmIntegerConstant(1)));
    colorEnum.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(colorEnum, "Green", new EdmIntegerConstant(2)));
    model.AddElement(colorEnum);

    // complex type "Address"
    EdmComplexType address = new EdmComplexType("NS", "Address");
    address.AddStructuralProperty("Street", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    address.AddStructuralProperty("City", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    model.AddElement(address);

    // derived complex type "SubAddress"
    EdmComplexType subAddress = new EdmComplexType("NS", "SubAddress", address);
    subAddress.AddStructuralProperty("Code", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Double);
    model.AddElement(subAddress);

    // entity type "Customer"
    EdmEntityType customer = new EdmEntityType("NS", "Customer");
    customer.AddKeys(customer.AddStructuralProperty("Id", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32));
    customer.AddStructuralProperty("Name", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    model.AddElement(customer);

    // derived entity type special customer
    EdmEntityType subCustomer = new EdmEntityType("NS", "SubCustomer", customer);
    subCustomer.AddStructuralProperty("Price", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Double);
    model.AddElement(subCustomer);

    // entity sets
    EdmEntityContainer container = new EdmEntityContainer("NS", "Default");
    model.AddElement(container);
    container.AddEntitySet("Customers", customer);

    IEdmTypeReference intType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32, isNullable: true);
    EdmEnumTypeReference enumType = new EdmEnumTypeReference(colorEnum, isNullable: true);
    EdmComplexTypeReference complexType = new EdmComplexTypeReference(address, isNullable: true);
    EdmEntityTypeReference entityType = new EdmEntityTypeReference(customer, isNullable: true);

    // functions
    BuildFunction(model, "PrimitiveFunction", entityType, "param", intType);
    BuildFunction(model, "EnumFunction", entityType, "color", enumType);
    BuildFunction(model, "ComplexFunction", entityType, "address", complexType);
    BuildFunction(model, "EntityFunction", entityType, "customer", entityType);
    
    // actions
    BuildAction(model, "PrimitiveAction", entityType, "param", intType);
    BuildAction(model, "EnumAction", entityType, "color", enumType);
    BuildAction(model, "ComplexAction", entityType, "address", complexType);
    BuildAction(model, "EntityAction", entityType, "customer", entityType);
    return model;
}

private static void BuildFunction(EdmModel model, string funcName, IEdmEntityTypeReference bindingType, string paramName, IEdmTypeReference edmType)
{
    IEdmTypeReference returnType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean, isNullable: false);

    EdmFunction boundFunction = new EdmFunction("NS", funcName, returnType, isBound: true, entitySetPathExpression: null, isComposable: false);
    boundFunction.AddParameter("entity", bindingType);
    boundFunction.AddParameter(paramName, edmType);
    boundFunction.AddParameter(paramName + "List", new EdmCollectionTypeReference(new EdmCollectionType(edmType)));
    model.AddElement(boundFunction);
}

private static void BuildAction(EdmModel model, string actName, IEdmEntityTypeReference bindingType, string paramName, IEdmTypeReference edmType)
{
    IEdmTypeReference returnType = EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetPrimitive(EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Boolean, isNullable: false);

    EdmAction boundAction = new EdmAction("NS", actName, returnType, isBound: true, entitySetPathExpression: null);
    boundAction.AddParameter("entity", bindingType);
    boundAction.AddParameter(paramName, edmType);
    boundAction.AddParameter(paramName + "List", new EdmCollectionTypeReference(new EdmCollectionType(edmType)));
    model.AddElement(boundAction);
}

Here’s the metadata document for this Edm Model:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="NS" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EnumType Name="Color">
        <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
        <Member Name="Blue" Value="1" />
        <Member Name="Green" Value="2" />
      </EnumType>
      <ComplexType Name="Address">
        <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <ComplexType Name="SubAddress" BaseType="NS.Address">
        <Property Name="Code" Type="Edm.Double" />
      </ComplexType>
      <EntityType Name="Customer">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" />
        <Property Name="Name" Type="Edm.String" />
      </EntityType>
      <EntityType Name="SubCustomer" BaseType="NS.Customer">
        <Property Name="Price" Type="Edm.Double" />
      </EntityType>
      <Function Name="PrimitiveFunction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="param" Type="Edm.Int32" />
        <Parameter Name="paramList" Type="Collection(Edm.Int32)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Function Name="EnumFunction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="color" Type="NS.Address" />
        <Parameter Name="colorList" Type="Collection(NS.Color)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Function Name="ComplexFunction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="address" Type="NS.Address" />
        <Parameter Name="addressList" Type="Collection(NS.Address)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Function Name="EntityFunction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="customer" Type="NS.Color" />
        <Parameter Name="customerList" Type="Collection(NS.Customer)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Function>
      <Action Name="PrimitiveAction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="param" Type="Edm.Int32" />
        <Parameter Name="paramList" Type="Collection(Edm.Int32)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <Action Name="EnumAction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="color" Type="NS.Address" />
        <Parameter Name="colorList" Type="Collection(NS.Color)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <Action Name="ComplexAction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="address" Type="NS.Address" />
        <Parameter Name="addressList" Type="Collection(NS.Address)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <Action Name="EntityAction" IsBound="true">
        <Parameter Name="entity" Type="NS.Customer" />
        <Parameter Name="customer" Type="NS.Color" />
        <Parameter Name="customerList" Type="Collection(NS.Customer)" />
        <ReturnType Type="Edm.Boolean" Nullable="false" />
      </Action>
      <EntityContainer Name="Default">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="NS.Customer" />
      </EntityContainer>
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>

Controller & Routing

Let’s add the following methods into CustomersController:

[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult PrimitiveFunction(int key, int? param, [FromODataUri]IList<int?> paramList)
{
    ......
}

[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult PrimitiveAction(int key, ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
    ......
}

/* // will support in V5.5 RTM
[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult EnumFunction(int key, [FromODataUri]EdmEnumObject color, [FromODataUri]EdmEnumObjectCollection colorList)
{
    ......
}

[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult EnumAction(int key, ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
    ......
}
*/

[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult ComplexFunction(int key, [FromODataUri]EdmComplexObject address, [FromODataUri]EdmComplexObjectCollection addressList)
{
    ......
}

[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult ComplexAction(int key, ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
    ......
}

[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult EntityFunction(int key, [FromODataUri]EdmEntityObject customer, [FromODataUri]EdmEntityObjectCollection customerList)
{
    ......
}

[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult EntityAction(int key, ODataActionParameters parameters)
{
    ......
}

Request Samples

Now, We can invoke the function with the entity and collection of entity parameter as:

~odata/Customers(1)/NS.EntityFunction(customer=@x,customerList=@y)?@x={"@odata.type":"%23NS.Customer","Id":1,"Name":"John"}&@y={"value":[{"@odata.type":"%23NS.Customer","Id":2, "Name":"Mike"},{"@odata.type":"%23NS.SubCustomer","Id":3,"Name":"Tony", "Price":9.9}]}"

Also, We can invoke the action by issuing a Post on ~/odata/Customers(1)/NS.EntityAction with the following request body:

{
  "customer":{"@odata.type":"#NS.Customer","Id":1,"Name":"John"},
  "customerList":[
    {"@odata.type":"#NS.Customer","Id":2, "Name":"Mike"},
    {"@odata.type":"#NS.SubCustomer","Id":3,"Name":"Tony", "Price":9.9}
  ]
}

For other request samples, please refer to Function page and Action page.

Unbound function/action

Unbound function and action are similiar with bound function and action in the request format. But only attribute routing can be used for unbound function/action routing.

Thanks.

4.9 Query by dynamic properties

Since Web API OData V5.5, it supports filter, select and orderby on dynamic properties.Let’s see a sample about this feature.

CLR Model

First of all, we create the following CLR classes as our model:

public class SimpleOpenCustomer
{
    [Key]
    public int CustomerId { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Website { get; set; }
    public IDictionary<string, object> CustomerProperties { get; set; }
}

Build Edm Model

Now, we can build the Edm Model as:

private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{ 
    ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntitySet<SimpleOpenCustomer>("SimpleOpenCustomers");
    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

Use filter, orferby, select on dynamic property

Routing

In the SimpleOpenCustomersController, add the following method:

[EnableQuery]
public IQueryable<SimpleOpenCustomer> Get()
{
    return CreateCustomers().AsQueryable();
}

Request Samples

We can query like:

~/odata/SimpleOpenCustomers?$orderby=Token desc&$filter=Token ne null
~/odata/SimpleOpenCustomers?$select=Token

4.10 Open type in untyped scenarios

Since Web API OData V5.5, it supports open type and dynamic property on un-type scenario, dynamic properties can be:

Primitive Type
Enum Type
Complex Type
Collection of above

Let’s see a sample about this feature.

Build un-type Edm Model

Now, we can build the Edm Model as:

private static IEdmModel GetUntypedEdmModel()
{
    var model = new EdmModel();
    // complex type address
    EdmComplexType address = new EdmComplexType("NS", "Address", null, false, true);
    address.AddStructuralProperty("Street", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String);
    model.AddElement(address);
    // enum type color
    EdmEnumType color = new EdmEnumType("NS", "Color");
    color.AddMember(new EdmEnumMember(color, "Red", new EdmIntegerConstant(0)));
    model.AddElement(color);
    // entity type customer
    EdmEntityType customer = new EdmEntityType("NS", "UntypedSimpleOpenCustomer", null, false, true);
    customer.AddKeys(customer.AddStructuralProperty("CustomerId", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32));
    customer.AddStructuralProperty("Color", new EdmEnumTypeReference(color, isNullable: true));
    model.AddElement(customer);  
    EdmEntityContainer container = new EdmEntityContainer("NS", "Container");
    container.AddEntitySet("UntypedSimpleOpenCustomers", customer);
    model.AddElement(container);
    return model;
}

If the dynamic property is not primitive type, you should declare it in model like the code above.

GET an untyped open entity with dynamic property

Routing

In the UntypedSimpleOpenCustomersController, add the following method:

[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult Get(int key)
{
   //return an EdmEntityObject
   ...
}

Request Samples

We can get the entity as:

~/odata/UntypedSimpleOpenCustomers(1)

POST an untyped open entity with dynamic property

Routing

In the UntypedSimpleOpenCustomersController, add the following method :

[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult PostUntypedSimpleOpenCustomer(EdmEntityObject customer)
{
    object nameValue;
    customer.TryGetPropertyValue("Name", out nameValue);
    Type nameType;
    customer.TryGetPropertyType("Name", out nameType);
    ...
}

Request Samples

You should declare the type of dynamic properties in request body. Payload:

const string Payload = "{" + 
              ""@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#UntypedSimpleOpenCustomer/$entity"," +
              ""CustomerId":6,"Name":"FirstName 6"," +
              ""Address":{" +
                ""@odata.type":"#NS.Address","Street":"Street 6","City":"City 6"" +
              "}," + 
              ""[email protected]":"#Collection(NS.Address)"," +
              ""Addresses":[{" +
                ""@odata.type":"#NS.Address","Street":"Street 7","City":"City 7"" +
              "}]," +
              ""[email protected]":"#Collection(Double)"," +
              ""DoubleList":[5.5, 4.4, 3.3]," +
              ""[email protected]":"#NS.Color"," +
              ""FavoriteColor":"Red"," +
              ""Color":"Red"," +
              ""[email protected]":"#Collection(NS.Color)"," +
              ""FavoriteColors":["0", "1"]" +
            "}";

Url:

~/odata/UntypedSimpleOpenCustomers

The type of dynamic properties in un-type scenario

EdmEntityObject (Collection)

Represent an entity.

EdmComplexObject (Collection)

Represent an complex property.

EdmEnumObject (Collection)

Represent an enum property.

4.11 Query Options

OData defines parameters that can be used to modify an OData query, samples can be found at supporting-odata-query-options and using-select-expand-value.

4.12 Batch Support

Batch requests allow grouping multiple operations into a single HTTP request payload and the service will return a single HTTP response with the response to all operations in the requests. This way, the client can optimize calls to the server and improve the scalability of its service.Please refer to OData Protocol for more detail about batch, and Batch in ODL for batch in ODL client.

Enable Batch in Web API OData Service

It is very easy to enable batch in an OData service which is built by Web API OData.

Add Batch Handler

public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
    var odataBatchHandler = new DefaultODataBatchHandler(GlobalConfiguration.DefaultServer);
    config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", GetModel(), odataBatchHandler);
}

As above, we only need to create a new batch handler and pass it when mapping routing for OData service. Batch will be enabled.

For testing, we can POST a request with batch body to the baseurl/$batch:

POST http://localhost:14409/odata/$batch HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Fiddler
Host: localhost:14409
Content-Length: 1244
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;boundary=batch_d3bcb804-ee77-4921-9a45-761f98d32029

--batch_d3bcb804-ee77-4921-9a45-761f98d32029
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:14409/odata/Products(0)  HTTP/1.1
OData-Version: 4.0
OData-MaxVersion: 4.0
Accept: application/json;odata.metadata=minimal
Accept-Charset: UTF-8
User-Agent: Microsoft ADO.NET Data Services

--batch_d3bcb804-ee77-4921-9a45-761f98d32029
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;boundary=changeset_77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd

--changeset_77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd 
Content-Type: application/http 
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary 
Content-ID: 1

DELETE http://localhost:14409/odata/Products(0) HTTP/1.1
OData-Version: 4.0
OData-MaxVersion: 4.0
Accept: application/json;odata.metadata=minimal
Accept-Charset: UTF-8
User-Agent: Microsoft ADO.NET Data Services

--changeset_77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd--
--batch_d3bcb804-ee77-4921-9a45-761f98d32029
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:14409/odata/Products  HTTP/1.1
OData-Version: 4.0
OData-MaxVersion: 4.0
Accept: application/json;odata.metadata=minimal
Accept-Charset: UTF-8
User-Agent: Microsoft ADO.NET Data Services

--batch_d3bcb804-ee77-4921-9a45-761f98d32029--

And the response should be:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: no-cache
Pragma: no-cache
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=batchresponse_5667121d-ca2f-458d-9bae-172f04cdd411
Expires: -1
Server: Microsoft-IIS/8.0
OData-Version: 4.0
X-AspNet-Version: 4.0.30319
X-SourceFiles: =?UTF-8?B?YzpcdXNlcnNcbGlhbndcZG9jdW1lbnRzXHZpc3VhbCBzdHVkaW8gMjAxM1xQcm9qZWN0c1xUZXN0V2ViQVBJUmVsZWFzZVxUZXN0V2ViQVBJUmVsZWFzZVxvZGF0YVwkYmF0Y2g=?=
X-Powered-By: ASP.NET
Date: Wed, 06 May 2015 07:34:29 GMT
Content-Length: 1449

--batchresponse_5667121d-ca2f-458d-9bae-172f04cdd411
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json; odata.metadata=minimal; charset=utf-8
OData-Version: 4.0

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:14409/odata/$metadata#Products/$entity","ID":0,"Name":"0Name"
}
--batchresponse_5667121d-ca2f-458d-9bae-172f04cdd411
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=changesetresponse_e2f20275-a425-404a-8f01-c9818aa63610

--changesetresponse_e2f20275-a425-404a-8f01-c9818aa63610
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-ID: 1

HTTP/1.1 204 No Content


--changesetresponse_e2f20275-a425-404a-8f01-c9818aa63610--
--batchresponse_5667121d-ca2f-458d-9bae-172f04cdd411
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json; odata.metadata=minimal; charset=utf-8
OData-Version: 4.0

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:14409/odata/$metadata#Products","value":[
    {
      "ID":1,"Name":"1Name"
    },{
      "ID":2,"Name":"2Name"
    },{
      "ID":3,"Name":"3Name"
    },{
      "ID":4,"Name":"4Name"
    },{
      "ID":5,"Name":"5Name"
    },{
      "ID":6,"Name":"6Name"
    },{
      "ID":7,"Name":"7Name"
    },{
      "ID":8,"Name":"8Name"
    },{
      "ID":9,"Name":"9Name"
    }
  ]
}
--batchresponse_5667121d-ca2f-458d-9bae-172f04cdd411--

Setting Batch Quotas

DefaultODataBatchHandler contains some configuration, which can be set by customers, to customize the handler. For example, the following code will only allow a maximum of 8 requests per batch and 5 operations per ChangeSet.

var odataBatchHandler = new DefaultODataBatchHandler(GlobalConfiguration.DefaultServer);
odataBatchHandler.MessageQuotas.MaxPartsPerBatch = 8;
odataBatchHandler.MessageQuotas.MaxOperationsPerChangeset = 5;

Enable/Disable continue-on-error in Batch Request

We can handle the behavior upon encountering a request within the batch that returns an error by preference odata.continue-on-error.

Preference odata.continue-on-error: The odata.continue-on-error preference on a batch request is used to request that, upon encountering a request within the batch that returns an error, the service return the error for that request and continue processing additional requests within the batch. If not specified, upon encountering an error the service MUST return the error within the batch and stop processing additional requests within the batch.

Enable Preference `odata.continue-on-error`

Preference odata.continue-on-error makes no sense by default, and service returns the error for that request and continue processing additional requests within the batch as default behavior.

First we should enable odata.continue-on-error by calling EnableContinueOnErrorHeader() in HttpConfiguration.

public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
    config.EnableContinueOnErrorHeader();
    var odataBatchHandler = new DefaultODataBatchHandler(GlobalConfiguration.DefaultServer);
    config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", GetModel(), odataBatchHandler);
}

Request Without Preference `odata.continue-on-error`

For testing, we can POST a batch request without Preference odata.continue-on-error:

POST http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/$batch HTTP/1.1
Accept: multipart/mixed
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Host: localhost:9001
Content-Length: 633
Expect: 100-continue
Connection: Keep-Alive

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomer(0) HTTP/1.1

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomerfoo HTTP/1.1

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomer(1) HTTP/1.1

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0--

The response should be:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 820
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=batchresponse_b49114d7-62f7-450a-8064-e27ef9562eda
Server: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0
OData-Version: 4.0
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2015 02:23:10 GMT

--batchresponse_b49114d7-62f7-450a-8064-e27ef9562eda
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json; odata.metadata=minimal; odata.streaming=true
OData-Version: 4.0

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/$metadata#DefaultBatchCustomer/$entity","Id":0,"Name":"Name 0"
}
--batchresponse_b49114d7-62f7-450a-8064-e27ef9562eda
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8

{"Message":"No HTTP resource was found that matches the request URI 'http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomerfoo'.","MessageDetail":"No route data was found for this request."}
--batchresponse_b49114d7-62f7-450a-8064-e27ef9562eda--

Service returned error and stop processing.

Request With Preference `odata.continue-on-error`

Now POST a batch request with Preference odata.continue-on-error:

POST http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/$batch HTTP/1.1
Accept: multipart/mixed
prefer: odata.continue-on-error
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Host: localhost:9001
Content-Length: 633
Expect: 100-continue
Connection: Keep-Alive

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomer(0) HTTP/1.1

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomerfoo HTTP/1.1

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

GET http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomer(1) HTTP/1.1

--batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0--

Service returns the error for that request and continue processing additional requests within the batch:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 1190
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=batchresponse_60fec4c2-3ce7-4900-a05a-93f180629a11
Server: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0
OData-Version: 4.0
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2015 02:27:45 GMT

--batchresponse_60fec4c2-3ce7-4900-a05a-93f180629a11
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json; odata.metadata=minimal; odata.streaming=true
OData-Version: 4.0

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/$metadata#DefaultBatchCustomer/$entity","Id":0,"Name":"Name 0"
}
--batchresponse_60fec4c2-3ce7-4900-a05a-93f180629a11
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8

{"Message":"No HTTP resource was found that matches the request URI 'http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/DefaultBatchCustomerfoo'.","MessageDetail":"No route data was found for this request."}
--batchresponse_60fec4c2-3ce7-4900-a05a-93f180629a11
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json; odata.metadata=minimal; odata.streaming=true
OData-Version: 4.0

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:9001/DefaultBatch/$metadata#DefaultBatchCustomer/$entity","Id":1,"Name":"Name 1"
}
--batchresponse_60fec4c2-3ce7-4900-a05a-93f180629a11--

4.13 Delta Feed Support

Serialization Support for Delta Feed

This sample will introduce how to create a Delta Feed which is serialized into a Delta Response in Web API OData V4.

Similar to EdmEntityObjectCollection, Web API OData V5.6 now has an EdmChangedObjectCollection to represent a collection of objects which can be a part of the Delta Feed. A delta response can contain new/changed entities, deleted entities, new links or deleted links.

WebAPI OData V4 now has EdmDeltaEntityObject, EdmDeltaDeletedEntityObject, EdmDeltaLink and EdmDeltaDeletedLink respectively for the objects that can be a part of the Delta response. All the above objects implement the IEdmChangedObject interface, while the EdmChangedObjectCollection is a collection of IEdmChangedObject.

For example, if user defines a model as:

public class Customer
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public virtual IList<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}
public class Order
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
  public string ShippingAddress { get; set; }
}
private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
  ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
  var customers = builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
  var orders = builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");
  return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

The EdmChangedObjectCollection collection for Customer entity will be created as follows:

EdmChangedObjectCollection changedCollection = new EdmChangedObjectCollection(CustomerType); //IEdmEntityType of Customer

Changed or Modified objects are added as EdmDeltaEntityObjects:

EdmDeltaEntityObject Customer = new EdmDeltaEntityObject(CustomerType); 
Customer.Id = 123;
Customer.Name = "Added Customer";
changedCollection.Add(Customer);

Deleted objects are added as EdmDeltaDeletedObjects:

EdmDeltaDeletedEntityObject Customer = new EdmDeltaDeletedEntityObject(CustomerType);
Customer.Id = 123;
Customer.Reason = DeltaDeletedEntryReason.Deleted;
changedCollection.Add(Customer);

Delta Link is added corresponding to a $expand in the initial request, these are added as EdmDeltaLinks:

EdmDeltaLink CustomerOrderLink = new EdmDeltaLink(CustomerType);
CustomerOrderLink.Relationship = "Orders";
CustomerOrderLink.Source = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Customers(123)");	
CustomerOrderLink.Target = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Orders(10)");
changedCollection.Add(CustomerOrderLink);

Deleted Links is added for each deleted link that corresponds to a $expand path in the initial request, these are added as EdmDeltaDeletedLinks:

EdmDeltaDeletedLink CustomerOrderDeletedLink = new EdmDeltaDeletedLink(CustomerType);
CustomerOrderDeletedLink.Relationship = "Orders";
CustomerOrderDeletedLink.Source = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Customers(123)");
CustomerOrderDeletedLink.Target = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Orders(10)");
changedCollection.Add(CustomerOrderDeletedLink);

Sample for Delta Feed

Let’s create a controller to return a Delta Feed:

public class CustomersController : ODataController
{
  public IHttpActionResult Get()
  {
    EdmChangedObjectCollection changedCollection = new EdmChangedObjectCollection(CustomerType);
    EdmDeltaEntityObject Customer = new EdmDeltaEntityObject(CustomerType); 
    Customer.Id = 123;
    Customer.Name = "Added Customer";
    changedCollection.Add(Customer);
    
    EdmDeltaDeletedEntityObject Customer = new EdmDeltaDeletedEntityObject(CustomerType);
    Customer.Id = 124;
    Customer.Reason = DeltaDeletedEntryReason.Deleted;
    changedCollection.Add(Customer);

    EdmDeltaLink CustomerOrderLink = new EdmDeltaLink(CustomerType);
    CustomerOrderLink.Relationship = "Orders";
    CustomerOrderLink.Source = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Customers(123)");
    CustomerOrderLink.Target = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Orders(10)");
    changedCollection.Add(CustomerOrderLink);
    
    EdmDeltaDeletedLink CustomerOrderDeletedLink = new EdmDeltaDeletedLink(CustomerType);
    CustomerOrderDeletedLink.Relationship = "Orders";
    CustomerOrderDeletedLink.Source = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Customers(123)");
    CustomerOrderDeletedLink.Target = new Uri(ServiceBaseUri, "Orders(11)");
    changedCollection.Add(CustomerOrderDeletedLink);
    return Ok(changedCollection);
  }
}

Now, user can issue a GET request as:

http://localhost/odata/Customers?$expand=Orders&$deltatoken=abc

The corresponding payload will has the following contents:

{
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers",
  "value": [
    {
      "Id":123,
      "Name":"Added Customer"
    },
    {
      "@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers/$deletedEntity",
      "Id": 124
      "Reason":"Deleted"
    },
    {
      "@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers/$link",
      "source":"Customers(123)",
      "relationship":"Orders",
      "target":"Orders(10)"
    },
    {
     	"@odata.context":"http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers/$deletedLink",
     	"source":"Customers(123)",
     	"relationship":"Orders",
     	"target":"Orders(11)"
    }
  ]
}

4.14 Capabilities vocabulary support

Web API OData supports some query limitations, for example:

NonFilterable / NotFilterable – $filter
NotCountable – $count
NotExpandable – $expand
NotNavigable – $select
NotSortable / Unsortable – $orderby

However, the corresponding annotations cannot be exposed in metadata document. This sample introduces the capabilities vocabulary support in Web API OData V5.7, which will enable capabilites vocabulary annotations in metadata document. The related sample codes can be found here.

Build Edm Model

Let’s define a model with query limitations:

public class Customer
{
	public int CustomerId { get; set; }

	public string Name { get; set; }

	[NotFilterable]
	[NotSortable]
	public Guid Token { get; set; }

	[NotNavigable]
	public string Email { get; set; }

	[NotCountable]
	public IList<Address> Addresses { get; set; }

	[NotCountable]
	public IList<Color> FavoriateColors { get; set; }

	[NotExpandable]
	public IEnumerable<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}

Where, Address is a normal complex type, Color is an enum type and Order is a normal entity type. You can find their definitions in the sample codes.

Based on the above CLR classes, we can build the Edm model as:

private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
	var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
	builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
	builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");
	return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

Expose annotations

Now, you can query the metadata document for capabilites vocabulary annotation as:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="CapabilitiesVocabulary" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityType Name="Customer">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="CustomerId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Name" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="Token" Type="Edm.Guid" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Email" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="Addresses" Type="Collection(CapabilitiesVocabulary.Address)" />
        <Property Name="FavoriateColors" Type="Collection(CapabilitiesVocabulary.Color)" Nullable="false" />
        <NavigationProperty Name="Orders" Type="Collection(CapabilitiesVocabulary.Order)" />
      </EntityType>
      <EntityType Name="Order">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="OrderId" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="OrderId" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Price" Type="Edm.Double" Nullable="false" />
      </EntityType>
      <ComplexType Name="Address">
        <Property Name="City" Type="Edm.String" />
        <Property Name="Street" Type="Edm.String" />
      </ComplexType>
      <EnumType Name="Color">
        <Member Name="Red" Value="0" />
        <Member Name="Green" Value="1" />
        <Member Name="Blue" Value="2" />
        <Member Name="Yellow" Value="3" />
        <Member Name="Pink" Value="4" />
        <Member Name="Purple" Value="5" />
      </EnumType>
    </Schema>
    <Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityContainer Name="Container">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="CapabilitiesVocabulary.Customer">
          <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
          <Annotation Term="Org.OData.Capabilities.V1.CountRestrictions">
            <Record>
              <PropertyValue Property="Countable" Bool="true" />
              <PropertyValue Property="NonCountableProperties">
                <Collection>
                  <PropertyPath>Addresses</PropertyPath>
                  <PropertyPath>FavoriateColors</PropertyPath>
                </Collection>
              </PropertyValue>
              <PropertyValue Property="NonCountableNavigationProperties">
                <Collection />
              </PropertyValue>
            </Record>
          </Annotation>
          <Annotation Term="Org.OData.Capabilities.V1.FilterRestrictions">
            <Record>
              <PropertyValue Property="Filterable" Bool="true" />
              <PropertyValue Property="RequiresFilter" Bool="true" />
              <PropertyValue Property="RequiredProperties">
                <Collection />
              </PropertyValue>
              <PropertyValue Property="NonFilterableProperties">
                <Collection>
                  <PropertyPath>Token</PropertyPath>
                </Collection>
              </PropertyValue>
            </Record>
          </Annotation>
          <Annotation Term="Org.OData.Capabilities.V1.SortRestrictions">
            <Record>
              <PropertyValue Property="Sortable" Bool="true" />
              <PropertyValue Property="AscendingOnlyProperties">
                <Collection />
              </PropertyValue>
              <PropertyValue Property="DescendingOnlyProperties">
                <Collection />
              </PropertyValue>
              <PropertyValue Property="NonSortableProperties">
                <Collection>
                  <PropertyPath>Token</PropertyPath>
                </Collection>
              </PropertyValue>
            </Record>
          </Annotation>
          <Annotation Term="Org.OData.Capabilities.V1.ExpandRestrictions">
            <Record>
              <PropertyValue Property="Expandable" Bool="true" />
              <PropertyValue Property="NonExpandableProperties">
                <Collection>
                  <NavigationPropertyPath>Orders</NavigationPropertyPath>
                </Collection>
              </PropertyValue>
            </Record>
          </Annotation>
        </EntitySet>
        <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="CapabilitiesVocabulary.Order" />
      </EntityContainer>
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>

Thanks.

4.15 AutoExpand attribute
In OData WebApi 5.7, we can put AutoExpand attribute on navigation property to make it automatically expand without expand query option, or can put this attribute on class to make all Navigation Property on this class automatically expand.

Model
```
public class Product
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    [AutoExpand]
    public Category Category { get; set; }
}

public class Category
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    [AutoExpand]
    public Customer Customer{ get; set; }
}
```
Result

If you call return Product in response, Category will automatically expand and Customer will expand too. It works the same if you put [AutoExpand]on Class if you have more navigation properties to expand.

4.16 Ignore query option

In OData WebApi 5.7, we can ignore some query options when calling ODataQueryOption ApplyTo method, this is helpful when your odata service is integrate with other service that may already applied those query options.

Customize

public class MyEnableQueryAttribute : EnableQueryAttribute
{
    public override IQueryable ApplyQuery(IQueryable queryable, ODataQueryOptions queryOptions)
    {
       // Don't apply Skip and Top.
       var ignoreQueryOptions = AllowedQueryOptions.Skip | AllowedQueryOptions.Top;
       return queryOptions.ApplyTo(queryable, ignoreQueryOptions);
    }
}

Controller

[MyEnableQuery]
public IHttpActionResult Get()
{
    return Ok(_products);
}

Result

Then your queryOption won’t apply Top and Skip.

4.17 Alternate keys

Alternate keys is supported in Web API OData V5.7. For detail information about alternate keys, please refer to hereThe related sample codes can be found here

Enable Alternate key

Users can enable alternate key in the global configuration.

HttpConfiguration config = ...
config.EnableAlternateKeys(true);
config.MapODataServiceRoute(...)

Model builder

So far, an Edm model with alternate keys can be built by ODL APIs.

EdmEntityType customer = new EdmEntityType("NS", "Customer"); 
customer.AddKeys(customer.AddStructuralProperty("ID", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.Int32)); 
customer.AddStructuralProperty("Name", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String); 
var ssn = customer.AddStructuralProperty("SSN", EdmPrimitiveTypeKind.String); 
model.AddAlternateKeyAnnotation(customer, new Dictionary<string, IEdmProperty> 
{ 
    {"SSN", ssn} 
}); 
model.AddElement(customer);

So, SSN is an alternate key.

Routing for alternate key

In OData controller, Users can use the attribute routing to route the alternate key. The Uri template is similiar to function parameter. For example:

[HttpGet] 
[ODataRoute("Customers(SSN={ssn})")] 
public IHttpActionResult GetCustomerBySSN([FromODataUri]string ssn) 
{
   ...
}

4.18 Add NextPageLink and $count for collection property
In OData WebApi V5.7, it supports to add the NextPageLink and $count for collection property.

Enable NextPageLink and $count

It’s easy to enable the NextPageLink and $count for collection property in controller. Users can only put the [EnableQuery(PageSize=x)] on the action of the controller. For example:
```
[EnableQuery(PageSize = 2)]  
public IHttpActionResult GetColors(int key)  
{  
  IList<Color> colors = new[] {Color.Blue, Color.Green, Color.Red};  
  return Ok(colors);
}
```
Sample Requests & Response

Request: GET http://localhost/Customers(5)/Colors?$count=true

Response content:
```
{  
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost/$metadata#Collection(NS.Color)",
  "@odata.count": 3,  
  "@odata.nextLink":"http://localhost/Customers(5)/Colors?$count=true&$skip=2",
  "value": [  
    ""Blue",  
    ""Green"  
  ]  
}
```

4.19 Prefer odata.include-annotations

Since OData WebApi V5.6, it supports odata.include-annotations.

odata.include-annotations

It supports the following four templates:

odata.include-annotations=”*” // all annotations
odata.include-annotations=”-*” // no annotations
odata.include-annotations=”display.*” // only annotations under “display” namespace
odata.include-annotations=”display.subject” // only annotation with term name “display.subject”

Let’s have examples:

odata.include-annotations=*

We can use the following codes to request all annotations:

HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(...);
request.Headers.Add("Prefer", "odata.include-annotations=*");
HttpResponseMessage response = client.SendAsync(request).Result;
...

The response will have all annotations:

{  
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:8081/$metadata#People/$entity",
  "@odata.id":"http://localhost:8081/People(2)",
  "[email protected]":"#Guid",
  "@Entry.GuidAnnotation":"a6e07eac-ad49-4bf7-a06e-203ff4d4b0d8",
  "@Hello.World":"Hello World.",
  "PerId":2,
  "[email protected]":"#DateTimeOffset",
  "[email protected]":"2010-01-02T00:00:00+08:00",
  "Age":10,
  "MyGuid":"f99080c0-2f9e-472e-8c72-1a8ecd9f902d",
  "Name":"Asha",
  "FavoriteColor":"Red, Green",
  "Order":{  
    "OrderAmount":235342,"OrderName":"FirstOrder"  
  }  
}

odata.include-annotations=Entry.*

We can use the following codes to request specify annotations:

HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(...);
request.Headers.Add("Prefer", "odata.include-annotations=Entry.*");
HttpResponseMessage response = client.SendAsync(request).Result;
...

The response will only have annotations in “Entry” namespace:

{  
  "@odata.context":"http://localhost:8081/$metadata#People/$entity",
  "@odata.id":"http://localhost:8081/People(2)",
  "[email protected]":"#Guid",
  "@Entry.GuidAnnotation":"a6e07eac-ad49-4bf7-a06e-203ff4d4b0d8",
  "PerId":2,
  "Age":10,
  "MyGuid":"f99080c0-2f9e-472e-8c72-1a8ecd9f902d",
  "Name":"Asha",
  "FavoriteColor":"Red, Green",
  "Order":{  
    "OrderAmount":235342,"OrderName":"FirstOrder"  
  }  
}

4.20 Prefer odata.continue-on-error

Since OData Web API V5.7, it supports odata.continue-on-error.

Enable odata.continue-on-error

Users should call the following API to enable continue on error:

var configuration = new HttpConfiguration();
configuration.EnableContinueOnErrorHeader();

Prefer odata.continue-on-error

We can use the following codes to prefer continue on error

HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(...);
request.Headers.Add("Prefer", "odata.continue-on-error");
request.Content = new StringContent(...);
request.Headers.ContentType = MediaTypeHeaderValue.Parse("multipart/mixed; boundary=batch_abbe2e6f-e45b-4458-9555-5fc70e3aebe0");
HttpResponseMessage response = client.SendAsync(request).Result;
...

The response will have all responses, includes the error responses.

4.21 Set namespace for operations in model builder

Since OData Web API V5.7, it allows to set a custom namespace for individual function and action in model builder.

Set namespace for function and action in model builder

ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
builder.Namespace = "Default";
builder.ContainerName = "DefaultContainer";
ActionConfiguration action = builder.Action("MyAction");
action.Namespace = "MyNamespace";
FunctionConfiguration function = builder.Function("MyFunction");
function.Namespace = "MyNamespace";

The setting works for ODataConventionModelBuilder as well.

4.22 Use HttpRequestMessage Extension Methods
HttpRequestMessage provides set of exention methods. For services that don’t use LINQ or ODataQueryOptions.ApplyTo(), those extention methods can offer lots of help.

ODataProperties

OData methods and properties can be GET/SET through ODataProperties, including:

Model The EDM model associated with the request.

Path The ODataPath of the request.

PathHandler Return DefaultODataPathHandler by default.

RouteName The Route name for generating OData links.

SelectExpandClause The parsed the OData SelectExpandClause of the request.

NextLink Next page link of the results, can be set through GetNextPageLink.

For example, we may need generate service root when querying ref link of a navigation property.
```
private string GetServiceRootUri()
{
  var routeName = Request.ODataProperties().RouteName;
  ODataRoute odataRoute = Configuration.Routes[routeName] as ODataRoute;
  var prefixName = odataRoute.RoutePrefix;
  var requestUri = Request.RequestUri.ToString();
  var serviceRootUri = requestUri.Substring(0, requestUri.IndexOf(prefixName) + prefixName.Length);
  return serviceRootUri;
}
```
GetNextPageLink

Create a link for the next page of results, can be used as the value of @odata.nextLink. For example, the request Url is http://localhost/Customers/?$select=Name.
```
Uri nextlink = this.Request.GetNextPageLink(pageSize:10);
this.Request.ODataProperties().NextLink = nextlink;
```
Then the nextlink generated is http://localhost/Customers/?$select=Name&$skip=10.

GetETag

Get the etag for the given request.
```
EntityTagHeaderValue etagHeaderValue = this.Request.Headers.IfMatch.SingleOrDefault();
ETag etag = this.Request.GetETag(etagHeaderValue);
```
CreateErrorResponse

Create a HttpResponseMessage to represent an error.
```
public HttpResponseMessage Post()
{
  ODataError error = new ODataError()
  {
    ErrorCode = "36",
    Message = "Bad stuff",
    InnerError = new ODataInnerError()
    {
      Message = "Exception message"
    }
  };

  return this.Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, error);
}
```
Then payload would be like:
```
{
  "error":{
  "code":"36",
  "message":"Bad stuff",
  "innererror":{
    "message":"Exception message",
    "type":"",
    "stacktrace":""
  }
}
```
4.23 OData Simplified Uri convention
OData v4 Web API 5.8 RC intruduces a new OData Simplefied Uri convention that supports key-as-segment and default OData Uri convention side-by-side.
```
~/odata/Customers/0
~/odata/Customers(0)
```
To enable the ODataSimplified Uri convention, in WebApiConfig.cs:
```
// ...
var model = builder.GetEdmModel();

// Set Uri convention to ODataSimplified
config.SetUrlConventions(ODataUrlConventions.ODataSimplified);
config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", model);
```
4.24 MaxExpansionDepth in EnableQueryAttribute

Since Web API OData V5.9.1, it corrected the behavior of MaxExpansionDepth of EnableQueryAtrribute. MaxExpansionDepth means the max expansion depth for the $expand query option.When MaxExpansionDepth value is 0, it means the check is disabled, but if you use $level=max at the same time, the expand depth will be a default value : 2, to avoid the dead loop.Let’s see some samples about this behavior.

$expand=Manager($levels=max) will be the same as $expand=Manager($expand=Manager)

$expand=Manager($levels=3) will be the same as $expand=Manager($expand=Manager($expand=Manager))

Related Issue #731.

4.25 Bind Custom UriFunctions to CLR Methods

Since Web API OData V5.9.0, it supports to bind the custom UriFunctions to CLR methods now, so user can add,modify or override the existing pre defined built-in functions.Let’s see how to use this feature.

FunctionSignatureWithReturnType padrightStringEdmFunction =
                     new FunctionSignatureWithReturnType(
                    EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetString(true),
                    EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetString(true),
                    EdmCoreModel.Instance.GetInt32(false));
 
MethodInfo padRightStringMethodInfo = typeof(string).GetMethod("PadRight", new Type[] { typeof(int) });
const string padrightMethodName = "padright";
ODataUriFunctions.AddCustomUriFunction(padrightMethodName, padrightStringEdmFunction, padRightStringMethodInfo);

Then you can use filter function like $filter=padright(ProductName, 5) eq 'Abcd'.

Related Issue #612.

5. SECURITY

5.1 Basic authentication over HTTPS
We’re often asked by people if OData APIs can be secured. The name “Open Data Protocol” and the way we evangelize it (by focusing on how open a protocol it is and how it provides interoperability) may give people the impression that OData APIs doesn’t work with authentication and authorization.The fact is that using OData is orthogonal to authentication and authorization. That is to say, you may secure an OData API in any way you can secure a generic RESTful API. We write this post to demonstrate it. The authentication methods we use in this post is the basic authentication over HTTPS. The service library we use is ASP.NET Web API for OData V4.0.

Secure an OData Web API using basic authentication over HTTPS

OData Protocol Version 4.0 has the following specification in section 12.1 Authentication:

OData Services requiring authentication SHOULD consider supporting basic authentication as specified in [RFC2617] over HTTPS for the highest level of interoperability with generic clients. They MAY support other authentication methods.

Supporting basic authentication over HTTPS is relatively easy for OData Web API. Suppose you already have a working OData service project. In this post, we implemented an OData API which has only one entity type Product and exposes only one entity set Products. In order to secure Products, the following steps needs to be taken:

1. Create a custom AuthorizeAttribute for the basic authentication

Add a class to your project as follows:
```
public class HttpBasicAuthorizeAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute
{
    public override void OnAuthorization(System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext)
    {
        if (actionContext.Request.Headers.Authorization != null)
        {
            // get the Authorization header value from the request and base64 decode it
            string userInfo = Encoding.Default.GetString(Convert.FromBase64String(actionContext.Request.Headers.Authorization.Parameter));

            // custom authentication logic
            if (string.Equals(userInfo, string.Format("{0}:{1}", "Parry", "123456")))
            {
                IsAuthorized(actionContext);
            }
            else
            {
                HandleUnauthorizedRequest(actionContext);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            HandleUnauthorizedRequest(actionContext);
        }
    }

    protected override void HandleUnauthorizedRequest(System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext)
    {
        actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage(System.Net.HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized)
        {
            ReasonPhrase = "Unauthorized"
        };
    }
}
```
In this sample we name the attribute HttpBasicAuthorizeAttribute. It derives from System.Web.Http.AuthorizeAttribute. We override two of its methods: OnAuthorization and HandleUnauthorizedRequest.

In OnAuthorization, we first get the base64-encoded value of the header Authorization and decode it. Then we apply our custom authentication logic to verify if the decoded value is a valid one. In this sample, we compare the decoded value to “Parry:123456”. As is specified in [RFC2617], this value indicates that the username is “Parry” and password is “123456”. In HandleUnauthorizedRequest, we handle unauthorized request by responding with HTTP status code 401 Unauthorized.

2. Decorate the controller with the custom AuthorizeAttribute

We decorate our ProductsController with HttpBasicAuthorizeAttribute:
```
[HttpBasicAuthorize]
public class ProductsController : ODataController
{
	…
}
```
3. Enable HTTPS

In the project properties window, enable the SSL and remember the SSL URL:

4. Create a custom AuthorizationFilterAttribute for HTTPS

Add a class to your project as follows:
```
public class RequireHttpsAttribute : AuthorizationFilterAttribute
{
    public override void OnAuthorization(HttpActionContext actionContext)
    {
        if (actionContext.Request.RequestUri.Scheme != Uri.UriSchemeHttps)
        {
            actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage(System.Net.HttpStatusCode.Forbidden)
            {
                ReasonPhrase = "HTTPS Required"
            };
        }
        else
        {
            base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);
        }
    }
}
```
In this sample we name this class RequireHttpsAttribute. It derives from System.Web.Http.Filters.AuthorizationFilterAttribute and overrides its OnAuthorization method by responding with HTTP status code 403 HTTPS Required.

5. Decorate the controller with the custom AuthorizationFilterAttribute

We further decorate our ProductsController with RequireHttpsAttribute:
```
[HttpBasicAuthorize]
[RequireHttps]
public class ProductsController : ODataController
{
	…
}
```
6. Testing

We run the project to test it. When run for the first time, you’ll be asked to create a self-signed certificate. Follow the instruction to create the certificate and proceed.

In the above steps, we’ve secured the OData API by allowing only HTTPS connections to the Products and responding with data only to requests that has a correct Authorization header value (the base64-encoded value of “Parry:123456”: UGFycnk6MTIzNDU2). Our HTTP service endpoint is http://localhost:53277/ and our HTTPS endpoint is https://localhost:43300/.

First of all, we send a GET request to http://localhost:53277/Products, and the service responds with an empty payload and the status code 403 HTTPS Required.

Then we send the request over HTTPS to https://localhost:43300/Products. Since the basic authentication info needs to be provided. The service responds with an empty payload and the status code 401 Unauthorized.

Finally, we set the value of the Authorization header to “Basic UGFycnk6MTIzNDU2” and send it over HTTPS to the same address again. The service now responds with the correct data.

Summary

In this post we demoed how an OData API can be secured by basic authentication over HTTPS. You may additionally add authorization logic to the API by further customizing the HttpBasicAuthorizeAttribute class we created. Furthermore, you may also use other authentication methods such as OAuth2 to secure your OData API. More information can be found at: http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/security.

6. CUSTOMIZATION

6.1 Custom URL parsing
Let’s show how to extend the default OData Uri Parser behavior:

Basic Case Insensitive Support

User can configure as below to support basic case-insensitive parser behavior.
```
HttpConfiguration config = …
config.EnableCaseInsensitive(caseInsensitive: true);
config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", edmModel);
```
Note: Case insensitive flag enables both for metadata and key-words, not only on path segment, but also on query option.

For example:
- ~/odata/$metaDaTa
- ~/odata/cusTomers …
Unqualified function/action call

User can configure as below to support basic unqualified function/action call.
```
HttpConfiguration config = …
config.EnableUnqualifiedNameCall(unqualifiedNameCall: true);
config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", edmModel);
```
For example:

Original call: * ~/odata/Customers(112)/Default.GetOrdersCount(factor=1)

Now, you can call as: * ~/odata/Customers(112)/GetOrdersCount(factor=1)

Since Web API OData 5.6, it enables unqualified function in attribut routing. So, Users can add the unqualified function template. For example:
```
[HttpGet]  
ODataRoute("Customers({key})/GetOrdersCount(factor={factor})")]  
public IHttpActionResult GetOrdersCount(int key, [FromODataUri]int factor)
{
 ...
 }
```
Enum prefix free

User can configure as below to support basic string as enum parser behavior.
```
HttpConfiguration config = …
config.EnableEnumPrefixFree(enumPrefixFree: true);
config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", edmModel);
```
For example:

Origin call:
```
* ~/odata/Customers/Default.GetCustomerByGender(gender=System.Web.OData.TestCommon.Models.Gender'Male')
```
Now, you can call as:
```
* ~/odata/Customers/Default.GetCustomerByGender(gender='Male')
```
Advance Usage

User can configure as below to support case insensitive & unqualified function call & Enum Prefix free:
```
HttpConfiguration config = …
config.EnableCaseInsensitive(caseInsensitive: true);
config.EnableUnqualifiedNameCall(unqualifiedNameCall: true);
config.EnableEnumPrefixFree(enumPrefixFree: true);

config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", edmModel);
```
Thanks.
6.2 Relax version constraints
For both Web API OData V3 and V4, a flag IsRelaxedMatch is introduced to relax the version constraint. With IsRelaxedMatch = true, ODataVersionConstraint will allow OData request to contain both V3 and V4 max version headers (V3: MaxDataServiceVersion, V4: OData-MaxVersion). Otherwise, the service will return response with status code 400. The default value of IsRelaxdMatch is false.
```
public class ODataVersionConstraint : IHttpRouteConstraint
{
  ......
  public bool IsRelaxedMatch { get; set; }
  ......
}
```
To set this flag, API HasRelaxedODataVersionConstraint() under ODataRoute can be used as following:
```
ODataRoute odataRoute = new ODataRoute(routePrefix: null, pathConstraint: null).HasRelaxedODataVersionConstraint();
```

6.3 Customize OData Formatter

This page illustrates how to use sensibility points in the ODataFormatter and plugin custom OData serializers/deserializers, gives a sample extends the ODataFormatter to add support of OData instance annotations.Let’s see this sample.

CLR Model

First of all, we create the following CLR classes as our model:

public class Document
{
        public Document()
        {
        }
        public Document(Document d)
        {
            ID = d.ID;
            Name = d.Name;
            Content = d.Content;
        }
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Content { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        public double Score { get; set; }
}

If I search for documents by sending the search query, in the result, I’d like have a score for the match for each document, as the score is dependent on the in coming query, it cannot be modeled as a property on response’s document, it should be modeled as an annotation on the document. Let’s do that.

Build Edm Model

Now, we can build a pretty simple Edm Model as:

private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntitySet<Document>("Documents");
    return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

Customize OData Formatter

A custom entity serializer

This entity serializer is to add the score annotation (org.northwind.search.score) to document entries.

public class AnnotatingEntitySerializer : ODataEntityTypeSerializer
{
    public AnnotatingEntitySerializer(ODataSerializerProvider serializerProvider)
           : base(serializerProvider)
    {
    }
    public override ODataEntry CreateEntry(SelectExpandNode selectExpandNode, EntityInstanceContext entityInstanceContext)
    {
        ODataEntry entry = base.CreateEntry(selectExpandNode, entityInstanceContext);
        Document document = entityInstanceContext.EntityInstance as Document;
        if (entry != null && document != null)
        {
            // annotate the document with the score.
            entry.InstanceAnnotations.Add(new                             ODataInstanceAnnotation("org.northwind.search.score", new ODataPrimitiveValue(document.Score)));
        }
        return entry;
    }
}

A custom serializer provider

This serializer provider is to inject the AnnotationEntitySerializer.

public class CustomODataSerializerProvider : DefaultODataSerializerProvider
{
    private AnnotatingEntitySerializer _annotatingEntitySerializer;
    public CustomODataSerializerProvider()
    {
        _annotatingEntitySerializer = new AnnotatingEntitySerializer(this);
    }
    public override ODataEdmTypeSerializer GetEdmTypeSerializer(IEdmTypeReference edmType)
    {
        if (edmType.IsEntity())
        {
            return _annotatingEntitySerializer;
        }
        return base.GetEdmTypeSerializer(edmType);
    }
}

Setup configuration with customized ODataFormatter

Create the formatters with the custom serializer provider and use them in the configuration.

[HttpPost]
public void Configuration(IAppBuilder appBuilder)
{
    HttpConfiguration config = new HttpConfiguration();
    config.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", GetEdmModel());
    var odataFormatters = ODataMediaTypeFormatters.Create(new CustomODataSerializerProvider(), new DefaultODataDeserializerProvider());
    config.Formatters.InsertRange(0, odataFormatters);
    appBuilder.UseWebApi(config);
}

Controller Samples

You should add a score to result documents.

public IEnumerable<Document> GetDocuments(string search)
{
    var results = FindDocument(search);
    return results.Select(d => new Document(d) { Score = ... });
}

Request Samples

Add prefer header and send request.

HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, baseAddress + "odata/Documents?search=test");
request.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("Prefer", "odata.include-annotations="*"");
var response = client.SendAsync(request).Result;

Response Samples

Annotation is supported in newest night build, 5.6.0-beta1.

{
    "@odata.context":"http://localhost:9000/odata/$metadata#Documents","value":
    [
        {
            "@org.northwind.search.score":1.0,"ID":1,"Name":"Another.txt","Content":"test"
        }
    ]
}

Conclusion

The sample has a custom entity type serializer, AnnotatingEntitySerializer, that adds the instance annotation to ODataEntry by overriding the CreateEntry method. It defines a custom ODataSerializerProvider to provide AnnotatingEntitySerializer instead of ODataEntityTypeSerializer. Then creates the OData formatters using this serializer provider and uses those formatters in the configuration.

6.4 Custom Stream Entity

Since Web API OData V5.7, it supports to customize entity as stream.

Fluent API

Users can call fluent API to configure the stream entity. For example,

var builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
builder.EntityType<Vehicle>().MediaType();
...
IEdmModel model = builder.GetEdmModel();

Convention model builder

Users can put [MediaType] attribute on a CLR class to configure the stream entity. For example,

[MediaType]  
public class Vehicle
{
  [Key]
  public int Id {get;set;}
  ...
}

var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
builder.EntityType<Vehicle>();
IEdmModel modle = builder.GetEdmModel();

7. RELEASE NOTES

7.1 OData Web API 5.4 Beta
The NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.4 beta are now available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.4 beta using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.4.0-beta -Pre
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OData -Version 5.4.0-beta -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

This release primarily includes new features for OData (v4 and v3) Web API as summarized below:
- Referential constraint (v4, v3) #37
- Relax flag for version constraint (v4, v3): By default requests with both v3 and v4 max version headers will no longer fail. #191
- DateTime support (v4) #136
- Case-insensitive support (v4) #11
- StoreGeneratedPattern annotation (v3) #189
- ConcurrencyMode annotation and ETag (v3) #190
- Bug fixes
V4 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.9.

Questions and feedback

You can submit questions related to this release, any issues you encounter and feature suggestions for future releases on our GitHub site.
7.2 OData Web API 5.4 RC
The NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.4 RC are now available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.4 RC using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.4.0-rc -Pre
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OData -Version 5.4.0-rc -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

This release primarily includes new features for OData (v4 and v3) Web API as summarized below:
- Referential constraint (v4, v3) #37
- Relax flag for version constraint (v4, v3): By default requests with both v3 and v4 max version headers will no longer fail. #191
- DateTime support (v4) #136
- Case-insensitive support (v4) #11
- StoreGeneratedPattern annotation (v3) #189
- ConcurrencyMode annotation and ETag (v3) #190
- Bug fixes: CodePlex & GitHub
V4 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.9.

Questions and feedback

You can submit questions related to this release, any issues you encounter and feature suggestions for future releases on our GitHub site.
7.3 OData Web API 5.4
The NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.4 are now available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.4 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.4.0
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OData -Version 5.4.0
```
What’s in this release?

This release primarily includes new features for OData (v4 and v3) Web API as summarized below:
- Referential constraint (v4, v3) #37
- Relax flag for version constraint (v4, v3): By default requests with both v3 and v4 max version headers will no longer fail. #191
- DateTime support (v4) #136
- Case-insensitive support (v4) #11
- StoreGeneratedPattern annotation (v3) #189
- ConcurrencyMode annotation and ETag (v3) #190
- Bug fixes: CodePlex & GitHub
V4 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.9.

Questions and feedback

You can submit questions related to this release, any issues you encounter and feature suggestions for future releases on our GitHub site.
7.4 OData Web API 5.5
The NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.5 are now available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.5 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.5.0
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OData -Version 5.5.0
```
What’s in this release?

This release primarily includes new features for OData v4 Web API as summarized below:
- Abstract entity type without keys or properties #182
- Complex type, Entity reference, Entity, and collection as function/action parameters #7
- Edm.Date & Edm.TimeOfDay support #156
- Open type and dynamic property on un-type scenario #171
- Nested $filter in $expand #127
- Pull requests
  - Update SelectExpandQueryOption.cs #213 by Jordi Scharloo
  - Add support for OpenPathSegment #222 by Brad Cleaver
  - Allow multiple ODataRoutePrefix attributes #228 by Brad Cleaver
  - Fix for issue #248 where a single instance function is queried using $select #249 by Hans van Bakel
  - Support dynamic properties in $filter, $orderby and $select #250 by Hans van Bakel
- Bug fixes
  - EnableCaseInsensitive doesn’t work right when $top #214
  - DateTime doesn’t work for ETag #224
  - Get parameter alias from ParameterAliasNodes by ODataLib parser #143
  - DeleteRef fails if a navigation property is a derived type and there is no corresponding entity set #231
  - Cannot parse Enum function parameter when its EdmType is nullable #110
  - GetClrType() doesn’t work for nullable enum #241
  - Enum prefix free doesn’t work for function parameter #243
  - FromODataUri attribute not work for a function’s string parameter #223
  - Nested $expand with $levels=max does not have correct expansion depth #148
  - Enum keys not recognized by ODataConventionModelBuilder #139
In this release, we moved the license from Microsoft OpenTech + Apache to Microsoft + MIT.

v4 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.10.

Questions and feedback

You can submit questions related to this release, any issues you encounter and feature suggestions for future releases on our GitHub site.
7.5 OData Web API 5.5.1
The NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.5.1 are now available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.5.1 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.5.1
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OData -Version 5.5.1
```
What’s in this release?
- Fix the issue: $count segment doesn’t work in 5.5 with EF #290
7.6 OData Web API 5.6 beta1
The NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.6 beta1 are now available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API 5.6 beta1 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.6-beta1 -Pre
```
What’s in this release?
- Convention and Attribute Routing for Dynamic Property #319
- Support the odata.include-annotations. #90
- Support UnqualifiedNameCall in attribute routing. #280
- DateTime $filter and $orderby support. #293
Bug fix

#300: Function Date() doesn’t work with Linq To Entity.
7.7 OData Web API 5.6
The NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.6 are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.6 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.6.0
```
What’s in this release?

New Features:
- GitHub Issue #71, Pull request #287 by hotchandanisagar : Add support for Delta Feed serialization in Web API OData.
- Pull request #280 by OData team : Support UnqualifiedNameCall in ODataRoute attribute.
- GitHub Issue #293, Pull request #297 by OData team : DateTime $filter and $orderby EF support.
- GitHub Issue #319 : Convention and Attribute Routing for Dynamic Property. This built upon a previous pull request #222 by Brad Cleaver: Add support for OpenPathSegment
Bug Fixes:
- GitHub Issue #300 : date() and time() function doesn’t work with EF.
- GitHub Issue #317, Pull request #340 by OData team : Support nullable referential constraint with conventional model builder.
- GitHub Issue #331, Pull request #336 by OData team : Support nullable enum prefix free in $filter.
- GitHub Issue #281, Pull request #341 by OData team : OData serialization cannot serializer the derived complex types.
- GitHub Issue #330, Pull request #350 by OData team : Dynamic property name is null use convention routing.
- GitHub Issue #214, Pull request #343 by OData team : Issue about Web API model validation.
- GitHub Issue #294, Pull request #323, #332 by OData team : Formatting <see>true</see>, <see langword="null"/> issue in xml comments about true, false, and null.
OData Web API v5.6 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.11.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.8 OData Web API 6.0.0 alpha1
The NuGet packages for OData Web API v6.0.0 alpha1 are now available on the myget.

Configure package source

You can configure the NuGet package source for OData Web API v6.0.0 preview releases in the Package Manager Settings:

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v6.0.0 alpha1 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 6.0.0-alpha1 -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

This release contains the first preview of the next version of OData Web API which is built on ASP.NET 5 and MVC 6. This preview includes the basic support of:
- Querying service metadata
- Querying entity sets
- CRUD of single entity
- Querying structural or navigation property
- $filter query option
OData Web API v6.0.0 alpha1 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.12.

Where’s the sample service?

You can take a look at a basic sample service built by this library.

Now the sample service can support (but not limit to) the following requests:
- Metadata. GET http://localhost:9091/odata/$metadata
- EntitySet. GET http://localhost:9091/odata/Products
- Entity. GET http://localhost:9091/odata/Products(1)
- Structural property. GET http://localhost:9091/odata/Customers(1)/FirstName
- Navigation property. GET http://localhost:9091/odata/Customers(1)/Products
- $filter. GET http://localhost:9091/odata/Products?$filter=ProductId%20gt%201
- Create. POST http://localhost:9091/odata/Products
- Delete. DELETE http://localhost:9091/odata/Products(2)
- Full update. PUT http://localhost:9091/odata/Products(2)
Where’s the source code?

You can view the source code of this library at our OData Web API repository. We warmly welcome any feedback, proposition and contribution from you!
7.9 OData Web API 5.7 beta
The NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.7 beta are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.7 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.7.0-beta -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

New Features:
- Pull request #322 by chinese007, #407 by OData team : Add the NextPageLink and Count for collection property.
- GitHub Issue #149, Pull request #379 by OData team : Expose HasStream for EntityType configuration.
- GitHub Issue #377, Pull request #384 by Bruce Johnston : Making ODataQueryOptions.GetNextPageLink public.
- GitHub Issue #310, Pull request #399 by OData team : Cannot ignore some query options like $skip.
- GitHub Issue #98, #107, #258, Pull request #405 by OData team : Add capabilities vocabulary annotation support
- Pull request #419 by Abhishek Kumar : Adding support for alternate key Uri resolver.
- GitHub Issue #408, Pull request #426 by OData team : Handling of preference header ‘continue-on-error’ in user request.
- GitHub Issue #311, Pull request #428 by OData team : Auto expand navigation property.
- GitHub Issue #304, Pull request #444 by OData team : Support setting namespaces for operations in ODataConventionModelBuilder.
Bug Fixes:
- GitHub Issue #334, Pull request #335 by Matt Johnson : Time zone conversions are not DST aware.
- GitHub Issue #195, Pull request #372 by Brad Cleaver : Navigation link generation for contained navigations.
- GitHub Issue #376, Pull request #386 by OData team : $orderby with duplicate property in odata v4 failed.
- GitHub Issue #387, Pull request #391 by OData team : Can’t get untyped enum property.
- GitHub Issue #401, Pull request #402 by CrazyViper : DateTime min and max value serialization problem.
- GitHub Issue #398, Pull request #430 by OData team : Change IsRelaxedMatch’s default value to True.
OData Web API v5.7-bata package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.13.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.10 OData Web API 5.7 rc
The NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.7 rc are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.7 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.7.0-rc -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

New Features:
- Pull request #322 by chinese007, #407 by OData team : Add the NextPageLink and Count for collection property.
- GitHub Issue #149, Pull request #379 by OData team : Expose HasStream for EntityType configuration.
- GitHub Issue #377, Pull request #384 by Bruce Johnston : Making ODataQueryOptions.GetNextPageLink public.
- GitHub Issue #310, Pull request #399 by OData team : Cannot ignore some query options like $skip.
- GitHub Issue #98, #107, #258, Pull request #405 by OData team : Add capabilities vocabulary annotation support
- Pull request #419 by Abhishek Kumar : Adding support for alternate key Uri resolver.
- GitHub Issue #408, Pull request #426 by OData team : Handling of preference header ‘continue-on-error’ in user request.
- GitHub Issue #311, Pull request #428 by OData team : Auto expand navigation property.
- GitHub Issue #304, Pull request #444 by OData team : Support setting namespaces for operations in ODataConventionModelBuilder.
Bug Fixes:
- GitHub Issue #398, Pull request #430 by OData team : Change IsRelaxedMatch’s default value to True.
- Pull request #407 by OData team : Add the NextPageLink & $Count for collection property
- GitHub Issue #334, Pull request #335 by Matt Johnson : Time zone conversions are not DST aware
- GitHub Issue #376, Pull request #386 by OData team : $orderby with duplicate property in odata v4 failed.
- GitHub Issue #401, Pull request #402 by CrazyViper : DateTime min and max value serialization problem.
- GitHub Issue #387, Pull request #393 by OData team : Can’t get untyped enum property.
OData Web API v5.7-rc package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.13.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.11 OData Web API 5.7
The NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.7 are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.7 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.7.0
```
What’s in this release?

New Features:
- Pull request #322 by chinese007, #407 by OData team : Add the NextPageLink and Count for collection property.
- GitHub Issue #149, Pull request #379 by OData team : Expose HasStream for EntityType configuration.
- GitHub Issue #377, Pull request #384 by Bruce Johnston : Making ODataQueryOptions.GetNextPageLink public.
- GitHub Issue #310, Pull request #399 by OData team : Cannot ignore some query options like $skip.
- GitHub Issue #98, #107, #258, Pull request #405 by OData team : Add capabilities vocabulary annotation support
- Pull request #419 by Abhishek Kumar : Adding support for alternate key Uri resolver.
- GitHub Issue #408, Pull request #426 by OData team : Handling of preference header ‘continue-on-error’ in user request.
- GitHub Issue #311, Pull request #428 by OData team : Auto expand navigation property.
- GitHub Issue #304, Pull request #444 by OData team : Support setting namespaces for operations in ODataConventionModelBuilder.
Bug Fixes:
- GitHub Issue #334, Pull request #335 by Matt Johnson : Time zone conversions are not DST aware.
- GitHub Issue #195, Pull request #372 by Brad Cleaver : Navigation link generation for contained navigations.
- GitHub Issue #376, Pull request #386 by OData team : $orderby with duplicate property in odata v4 failed.
- GitHub Issue #387, Pull request #391 by OData team : Can’t get untyped enum property.
- GitHub Issue #401, Pull request #402 by CrazyViper : DateTime min and max value serialization problem.
- GitHub Issue #398, Pull request #430 by OData team : Change IsRelaxedMatch’s default value to True.
- GitHub Issue #442, Pull request #453 by Ilchert : Checking propetry for null changed from Or to OrElse
- GitHub Issue #447, Pull request #457 by OData team : Keep default behavior for batch error handling.
- GitHub Issue #459, Pull request #474 by OData team : Add concurrency annotation support.
OData Web API v5.7 package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.13.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.12 OData Web API 5.8 beta
The NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.8 beta are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.8 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Version 5.8.0-beta -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

Improvements and fixes:
- Fixed typographical error, changed availabe to available in README. PR #519 by orthographic-pedant
- [ConcurrencyCheck] attribute doesn’t work with EF. Issue #522, PR #529
- Manually using ODataQueryOptions.Validate and setting SelectExpandQueryOption.LevelsMaxLiteralExpansionDepth. Issue #516, PR #524
- CultureInfo property can’t be serialized. Issue #427, PR #542
- Web API does not support Edm.Date literal in $filter when the property is Edm.Date [Nullable=True] and the backend is EF. Issue #482, PR #541
- Add swagger model APIs. Issue #302, PR #520
- Add operationId for Swagger json generation. Issue #302, PR #552
- ETag can’t work for double type. Issue #475, PR #549
- Expand query option contain $count don’t work. Issue #349, PR #553
- EditLink is wrong in 5.7. Issue #543, PR #554
- $count is evaluated prematurely at the call queryOptions.ApplyTo. Issue #1, PR #562
- Unnecessary casts in expression when querying properties of the base class for the inheritor. Issue #560, PR #556 by Yuriy Soldatkin
OData Web API v5.8-beta package has a dependency on ODataLib 6.13.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.13 OData Web API 5.8 rc
The NuGet packages for OData v4 Web API 5.8 RC are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.8 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

Improvements and fixes:
- Fixed typographical error, changed availabe to available in README. PR #519 by orthographic-pedant
- [ConcurrencyCheck] attribute doesn’t work with EF. Issue #522, PR #529
- Manually using ODataQueryOptions.Validate and setting SelectExpandQueryOption.LevelsMaxLiteralExpansionDepth. Issue #516, PR #524
- CultureInfo property can’t be serialized. Issue #427, PR #542
- Add operationId for Swagger json generation. Issue #302, PR #552
- ETag can’t work for double type. Issue #475, PR #549
- EditLink is wrong in 5.7. Issue #543, PR #554
- $count is evaluated prematurely at the call queryOptions.ApplyTo. Issue #1, PR #562
- Unnecessary casts in expression when querying properties of the base class for the inheritor. Issue #560, PR #556 by Yuriy Soldatkin
- Regression about the complex inheritance build. Issue #575, PR #577
- ProcedureConfiguration API to support types known at runtime. PR #580 by Yogev Mizrahi
- Array of enum doesn’t work for convention model builder. Issue #581, PR #582
New Features:
- Web API does not support Edm.Date literal in $filter when the property is Edm.Date [Nullable=True] and the backend is EF. Issue #482, PR #541
- Add swagger model APIs. Issue #302, PR #520
- Expand query option contain $count don’t work. Issue #349, PR #553
- Added UrlConventions configuration in DefaultODataPathHandler that supports ODataSimplified Uri convention. PR #599 by Gan Quan
- Make other nested query options in to work. Issue #557, PR #569
- Added config options SerializeNullCollectionsAsEmpty and DoNotSerializeNullCollections. Issue #490, PR #583 by nickkin-msft
- Enable to serialize the null dynamic propery by config. Issue #313, PR #573
OData Web API v5.8 RC package has a dependency on OData v4 Lib 6.14.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.14 OData Web API 5.8
The NuGet packages for OData v4 Web API 5.8 are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.8 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData
```
What’s in this release?

Improvements and fixes:
- Fixed typographical error, changed availabe to available in README. PR #519 by orthographic-pedant
- [ConcurrencyCheck] attribute doesn’t work with EF. Issue #522, PR #529
- Manually using ODataQueryOptions.Validate and setting SelectExpandQueryOption.LevelsMaxLiteralExpansionDepth. Issue #516, PR #524
- CultureInfo property can’t be serialized. Issue #427, PR #542
- Add operationId for Swagger json generation. Issue #302, PR #552
- ETag can’t work for double type. Issue #475, PR #549
- EditLink is wrong in 5.7. Issue #543, PR #554
- $count is evaluated prematurely at the call queryOptions.ApplyTo. Issue #1, PR #562
- Unnecessary casts in expression when querying properties of the base class for the inheritor. Issue #560, PR #556 by Yuriy Soldatkin
- Regression about the complex inheritance build. Issue #575, PR #577
- ProcedureConfiguration API to support types known at runtime. PR #580 by Yogev Mizrahi
- Array of enum doesn’t work for convention model builder. Issue #581, PR #582
New Features:
- Web API does not support Edm.Date literal in $filter when the property is Edm.Date [Nullable=True] and the backend is EF. Issue #482, PR #541
- Add swagger model APIs. Issue #302, PR #520
- Expand query option contain $count don’t work. Issue #349, PR #553
- Added UrlConventions configuration in DefaultODataPathHandler that supports ODataSimplified Uri convention. PR #599 by Gan Quan
- Make other nested query options in to work. Issue #557, PR #569
- Added config options SerializeNullCollectionsAsEmpty and DoNotSerializeNullCollections. Issue #490, PR #583 by nickkin-msft
- Enable to serialize the null dynamic propery by config. Issue #313, PR #573
OData Web API v5.8 package has a dependency on OData v4 Lib 6.14.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.15 OData Web API 5.9
The NuGet packages for OData v4 Web API 5.9 are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.9 beta using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData
```
What’s in this release?

Improvements and fixes:
- Support Pass Null to EntitySet during Feed Serialization. Issue #617, PR #621
- DataContractAttribute, etc don’t work for enum type. Issue #640
- Provide an extensibility hook for consumers of ODataMediaTypeFormatter to customize base address of service root in OData uris. Issue #644, PR #645 by Jack Freelander
- Using object key for null check in expression. Issue #559, PR #584 by Yuriy Soldatkin
New Features:
- Support PATCH to a complex type. Issue #135, PR #623
- Added basic support for aggregations spec. Issue #70, PR #594 by Konstantin Kosinsky
- Support Edm.Date. Issue #118, PR #600
- Support “isof” query built-in function. Issue #185, PR #646
- Advertise action/function in feed payload. Issue #637, PR #642
- Bind Uri Functions to CLR methods. Issue #612, PR #613
OData Web API v5.9 package has a dependency on OData v4 Lib 6.15.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.16 OData Web API 5.9.1
The NuGet packages for OData v4 Web API 5.9.1 are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v5.9.1 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData
```
What’s in this release?

Improvements and fixes:
- POST with GeographyPoint throws object must implement IConvertable. Issue #718
- Model binding broken with enum keys. Issue #724
- Update enum property doesn’t work. Issue #742
- Delta<T> should avoid static properties. Issue #137
- MaxExpansionDepth of 0 is not work. Issue #731
- EnumMember support without value. Issue #697
- Make IsIfNoneMatch public. Issue #764
New Features:
- ETagMessageHandler is not supporting typeless entities. Issue #172
OData Web API v5.9.1 package has a dependency on OData v4 Lib 6.15.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.17 OData Web API 6.0.0-beta
The NuGet packages for OData v4 Web API 6.0.0-beta are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v6.0.0-beta using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData -Pre
```
What’s in this release?

Breaking Changes:
- Unify the entity and complex (collection) type serialization/deserialization, See [ odata issue #504 ]
  - Rename ODataFeed to ODataResourceSet
  - Rename ODataEntry to ODataResource
  - Rename ODataNavigationLink to ODataNestedResourceInfo
  - Rename ODataPayloadKind.Entry to ODataPayloadKind.Resource
  - Rename ODataPayloadKind.Feed to ODataPayloadKind.ResourceSet
  - Rename ODataEntityTypeSerializer to ODataResourceSerializer
  - Rename ODataFeedSerializer to ODataResourceSetSerizlier
  - Rename ODataEntityDeserializer to ODataResourceDeserializer
  - Rename ODataFeedDeserializer to ODataResourceSetDeserializer
  - Remove ODataComplexValue
  - Remove ODataComplexSerializer/ODataComplexTypeDeserializer
- Issue #745 Support dependency injection (DI).
  - Integrate with the very popular DI framework Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.
  - Enable extremely easy customization of many services in Web API OData using DI.
  - Simplify APIs by removing redundant parameters and properties that have corresponding services registered in DI.
- Issue #681 Using ODL path segment classes directly.
  - Remove all path segment classes defined in Web API OData.
  - Using the ODL path segment classes and template classes
- Issue #693 Support new model bound attributes.
  - New attribute classes, ( for example FilterAttribute, OrderbyAttribute, etc ) used to enhance query options validation.
- Support complex type with navigation property.
  - HasMany(), HasRequired(), HasOptional can be used on complex type to add navigation property.
  - Support navigation property on complex type in convention model builder.
  - Remove INavigationSourceConfiguration and DeclaringEntityType property
- Support multiple navigation property bindings for a single navigation property by using different paths, see [ odata issue #629 ]
  - New BindingPathConfiguration<T> class used to add binding path
  - New NavigationPropertyBindingOption used to control binding in model builder.
- Issue #764 public IsIfNoneMatch property
- Issue #797 public Convert APIs in ODataModelBinderProvider.
- Issue #172 ETagMessageHandler is not supporting typeless entities.
- Issue #652 Some changes in Delta for complex/entity type delta.
Migration ODL changes:
- Simplified ODL namespaces, see [ odata issue #491 ]
- Rename ODataUrlConvention to ODataUrlKeyDelimiter, see [ [odata issue #571] (https://github.com/OData/Odata.net/issues/571) ]
  - Rename ODataUrlConvention to ODataUrlKeyDelimiter.
  - Use ODataUrlKeyDelimiter.Slash instead of ODataUrlConvention.Simplified or ODataUrlConvention.KeyAsSegment
  - Use ODataUrlKeyDelimiter.Parentheses instead of ODataUrlConvention.Default
- Change SerializationTypeNameAnnotation to ODataTypeAnnotation, see [ odata issue #614 ]
- Change Enum member value type from IEdmPrimitiveValue to a more specific type, see [ odata issue #544 ]
- Adjust query node kinds in Uri Parser in order to support navigation under complex. see [ odata issue #643 ]
  - Add SingleComplexNode and CollectionComplexNode to specifically represent complex type node.
  - Add SingleResourceNode as the base class of SingleEntityNode and SingleComplexNode, etc.
- Rename CsdlXXX to SchemaXXX, and EdmxXXX to CsdlXXX, see [ odata issue #632 ]
  - CsdlReader/Writer to SchemaReader/Writer;
  - EdmxReader/Writer to CsdlReader/Writer;
  - EdmxReaderSettings to CsdlReaderSettings;
  - EdmxTarget to CsdlTarget
- Remove Edm.ConcurrencyMode attribute. see [ odata issue #564 ]
- Remove odata.null in ODL. It’s developer’s responsibility to check whether the return object is null or not.
Improvements & Fixes:
- Issue #719 ODataSwaggerConverter throws exception on composite key.
- Issue #711 Using same enum twice in a model causes null reference exception.
- Issue #697 EnumMember attribute without value.
- Issue #726 Aggregation failed in Restier.
- Issue #706 Change substringof to contained builtin function.
- Issue #722 URI template parser doesn’t work correctly if key is of an enum type, see [ odata issue #556 ]
- Issue #630 Orderby with duplicate properties.
Here can find the OData V4 7.0.0 breaking changes docs and tutorials.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.
7.18 OData Web API 6.0.0
The NuGet packages for OData v4 Web API 6.0.0 are available on the NuGet gallery.

Download this release

You can install or update the NuGet packages for OData Web API v6.0.0 using the Package Manager Console:
```
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.OData
```
What’s in this release?

Breaking Changes:
- Unify the entity and complex (collection) type serialization/deserialization, See [ odata issue #504 ]
  - Rename ODataFeed to ODataResourceSet
  - Rename ODataEntry to ODataResource
  - Rename ODataNavigationLink to ODataNestedResourceInfo
  - Rename ODataPayloadKind.Entry to ODataPayloadKind.Resource
  - Rename ODataPayloadKind.Feed to ODataPayloadKind.ResourceSet
  - Rename ODataEntityTypeSerializer to ODataResourceSerializer
  - Rename ODataFeedSerializer to ODataResourceSetSerizlier
  - Rename ODataEntityDeserializer to ODataResourceDeserializer
  - Rename ODataFeedDeserializer to ODataResourceSetDeserializer
  - Remove ODataComplexValue
  - Remove ODataComplexSerializer/ODataComplexTypeDeserializer
- Issue #745 Support dependency injection (DI).
  - Integrate with the very popular DI framework Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.
  - Enable extremely easy customization of many services in Web API OData using DI.
  - Simplify APIs by removing redundant parameters and properties that have corresponding services registered in DI.
- Issue #681 Using ODL path segment classes directly.
  - Remove all path segment classes defined in Web API OData.
  - Using the ODL path segment classes and template classes
- Issue #693 Support new model bound attributes.
  - New attribute classes, ( for example FilterAttribute, OrderbyAttribute, etc ) used to enhance query options validation.
  - Query options are disallowed by default, see detail in document.
- Support complex type with navigation property.
  - HasMany(), HasRequired(), HasOptional can be used on complex type to add navigation property.
  - Support navigation property on complex type in convention model builder.
  - Remove INavigationSourceConfiguration and DeclaringEntityType property
- Support multiple navigation property bindings for a single navigation property by using different paths, see [ odata issue #629 ]
  - New BindingPathConfiguration<T> class used to add binding path
  - New NavigationPropertyBindingOption used to control binding in model builder.
- Issue #764 public IsIfNoneMatch property
- Issue #797 public Convert APIs in ODataModelBinderProvider.
- Issue #172 ETagMessageHandler is not supporting typeless entities.
- Issue #652 Some changes in Delta for complex/entity type delta.
Migration ODL changes:
- Simplified ODL namespaces, see [ odata issue #491 ]
- Rename ODataUrlConvention to ODataUrlKeyDelimiter, see [ [odata issue #571] (https://github.com/OData/Odata.net/issues/571) ]
  - Rename ODataUrlConvention to ODataUrlKeyDelimiter.
  - Use ODataUrlKeyDelimiter.Slash instead of ODataUrlConvention.Simplified or ODataUrlConvention.KeyAsSegment
  - Use ODataUrlKeyDelimiter.Parentheses instead of ODataUrlConvention.Default
- Change SerializationTypeNameAnnotation to ODataTypeAnnotation, see [ odata issue #614 ]
- Change Enum member value type from IEdmPrimitiveValue to a more specific type, see [ odata issue #544 ]
- Adjust query node kinds in Uri Parser in order to support navigation under complex. see [ odata issue #643 ]
  - Add SingleComplexNode and CollectionComplexNode to specifically represent complex type node.
  - Add SingleResourceNode as the base class of SingleEntityNode and SingleComplexNode, etc.
- Rename CsdlXXX to SchemaXXX, and EdmxXXX to CsdlXXX, see [ odata issue #632 ]
  - CsdlReader/Writer to SchemaReader/Writer;
  - EdmxReader/Writer to CsdlReader/Writer;
  - EdmxReaderSettings to CsdlReaderSettings;
  - EdmxTarget to CsdlTarget
- Remove Edm.ConcurrencyMode attribute. see [ odata issue #564 ]
- Remove odata.null in ODL. It’s developer’s responsibility to check whether the return object is null or not.
Improvements & Fixes:
- Issue #719 ODataSwaggerConverter throws exception on composite key.
- Issue #711 Using same enum twice in a model causes null reference exception.
- Issue #697 EnumMember attribute without value.
- Issue #726 Aggregation failed in Restier.
- Issue #706 Change substringof to contained builtin function.
- Issue #722 URI template parser doesn’t work correctly if key is of an enum type, see [ odata issue #556 ]
- Issue #630 Orderby with duplicate properties.
- Issue #578 The $skip and $top query options throw ODataException if overflows. Pull Request #801 by Tijmen van der Burgt.
- Issue #418 Ignore non-odata query parameters when building parameter. Pull Request #748 by Michael Petito.
- Issue #750 Provide a option to disable AutoExpand when $select is present.
Here can find the OData V4 7.0.0 breaking changes docs and tutorials.

Questions and feedback

You and your team are warmly welcomed to try out this new version if you are interested in the new features and fixes above. You are also welcomed to contribute your code to OData Web API repository. For any feature request, issue or idea please feel free to reach out to us at GitHub Issues.

8. V1-3 SPECIFIC FEATURES

8.1 ConcurrencyMode and ETag
In OData V3 protocol, concurrencyMode is a special facet that can be applied to any primitive Entity Data Model (EDM) type. Possible values are None, which is the default, and Fixed. When used on an EntityType property, ConcurrencyMode specifies that the value of that declared property should be used for optimistic concurrency checks. In the metadata, concurrencyMode will be shown as following:
```
<EntityType Name="Order">
    <Key>
        <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
    </Key>
    <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
    <Property Name="ConcurrencyCheckRow" Type="Edm.String" Nullable="false" ConcurrencyMode="Fixed" /> />  
</EntityType>
```
There are two approaches to set concurrencyMode for a primitive property: Using ConcurrencyCheck attribute:
```
public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    
    [ConcurrencyCheck]
    public string ConcurrencyCheckRow { get; set; }
}
```
Using API call
```
ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
builder.Entity<Order>().Property(c => c.ConcurrencyCheckRow).IsConcurrencyToken;
```

9. TEST

9.1 Unit Test and E2E Test

In OData WebApi, there are unit test, e2e test for V3 and V4, those test cases are to ensure the feature and bug fix, also to make sure not break old functionality.

Unit Test

Every class in OData WebApi has it’s own unit test class, for example: OData/src/System.Web.OData/OData/Builder/ActionLinkBuilder.cs ‘s test class is OData/test/UnitTest/System.Web.OData.Test/OData/Builder/ActionLinkBuilderTests.cs.

You can find that the structural under System.Web.OData folder and System.Web.OData.Test folder are the same, also for V3 System.Web.Http.OData.Test, so if your pull request contains any class add/change, you should add/change(this change here means add test cases) unit test file.

How To Add Unit Test

Try to avoid other dependency use moq.
Make sure you add/change the right class(V4 or V3 or both).
Can add functinal test for complicate scenario, but E2E test cases are better.

E2E Test

E2E test are complete test for user scenarios, always begin with client request and end with server response. If your unit test in pull request can’t cover all scenario well or you have a big pull request, please add E2E test for it.

How To Add E2E Test

Add test cases in exist test class that related to your pull request.
Add new folder and test class for your own scenario.
If the test has any kind of state that is preserved between request, it should be the only test defined in the test class to avoid conflicts when executed along other tests.
Try to test with both in memory data and DB data.
Keep test folder, class style with exist test folder, class.

Test Sample

[NuwaFramework]
public class MyTest
{

    [NuwaBaseAddress]
    public string BaseAddress { get; set; }

    [NuwaHttpClient]
    public HttpClient Client { get; set; }

    [NuwaConfiguration]
    public static void UpdateConfiguration(HttpConfiguration config)
    {
        config.Routes.MapODataRoute("odata", "odata", GetModel());
    }     

    private static IEdmModel GetModel()
    {
        ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
        var customers = builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
        var orders = builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");
        return builder.GetEdmModel();
    }

    [Fact]
    public void GetCustomersWork()
    {
        HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get,BaseAddress + "/odata/Customers");
        HttpResponseMessage response = Client.SendAsync(request).Result;
        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK,response.StatusCode);
    }
}

[NuwaFramework]
public class MyTest2
{
    [NuwaBaseAddress]
    public string BaseAddress { get; set; }

    [NuwaHttpClient]
    public HttpClient Client { get; set; }

    [NuwaConfiguration]
    public static void UpdateConfiguration(HttpConfiguration config)
    {
        config.Routes.MapODataRoute("odata", "odata", GetModel());
    }

    private static IEdmModel GetModel()
    {
        ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
        var customers = builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
        var orders = builder.EntitySet<Order>("Orders");
        return builder.GetEdmModel();
    }

    [Fact]
    public void GetCustomersWork()
    {
        HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, BaseAddress + "/odata/Customers");
        HttpResponseMessage response = Client.SendAsync(request).Result;
        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, response.StatusCode);
    }
}

public class CustomersController : ODataController
{
    [Queryable(PageSize = 3)]
    public IHttpActionResult Get()
    {
        return Ok(Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Select(i => new Customer
        {
            Id = i,
            Name = "Name " + i
        }));
    }

    public IHttpActionResult Post(Customer customer)
    {
        return Created(customer);
    }
}

public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public IList<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}

public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public DateTime PurchaseDate { get; set; }
}

10. OTHERS

10.1 How To Debug
If you want to debug OData Lib, WebAPI, Restier source, open DEBUG -> Options and Settings in VS, configure below things in General tab:
1. Uncheck Enable Just My Code (Managed only).
2. Uncheck Enable .NET Framework source stepping.
3. UnCheck Require source files to exactly match the original version.
4. Check Enable source server support.
Setup your symbol source in Symbols tab:
1. Check Microsoft Symbol Servers.
2. Add location: http://srv.symbolsource.org/pdb/Public (For preview/public releases in nuget.org).
3. Add location: http://srv.symbolsource.org/pdb/MyGet (For nightly build, and preview releases in myget.org).
4. Set the cache symbols directory in your, the path should be as short as it can be.
Turn on the CLR first change exception to do a quick debug, open DEBUG -> Exceptions in VS, check the Common Language Runtime Exceptions.

10.2 Work around for SingleResult.Create an empty result

When SingleResult.Create takes in a query that returns an empty result, a SerializationException is being thrown.Let’s see a work-around about this issue.

NullEntityTypeSerializer

First of all, we define the NullEntityTypeSerializer to handle null value:

public class NullEntityTypeSerializer : ODataEntityTypeSerializer
{
    public NullEntityTypeSerializer(ODataSerializerProvider serializerProvider)
        : base(serializerProvider)
    { }

    public override void WriteObjectInline(object graph, IEdmTypeReference expectedType, ODataWriter writer, ODataSerializerContext writeContext)
    {
        if (graph != null)
        {
            base.WriteObjectInline(graph, expectedType, writer, writeContext);
        }
    }
}

NullSerializerProvider

Now, we can define a NullSerializerProvider, we need to avoid the situation of function,action call:

public class NullSerializerProvider : DefaultODataSerializerProvider
{
    private readonly NullEntityTypeSerializer _nullEntityTypeSerializer;

    public NullSerializerProvider()
    {
        _nullEntityTypeSerializer = new NullEntityTypeSerializer(this);
    }

    public override ODataSerializer GetODataPayloadSerializer(IEdmModel model, Type type, HttpRequestMessage request)
    {
        var serializer = base.GetODataPayloadSerializer(model, type, request);
        if (serializer == null)
        {
			var functions = model.SchemaElements.Where(s => s.SchemaElementKind == EdmSchemaElementKind.Function
                                                            || s.SchemaElementKind == EdmSchemaElementKind.Action);
            var isFunctionCall = false;
            foreach (var f in functions)
            {
                var fname = string.Format("{0}.{1}", f.Namespace, f.Name);
                if (request.RequestUri.OriginalString.Contains(fname))
                {
                    isFunctionCall = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            // only, if it is not a function call
            if (!isFunctionCall)
            {
                var response = request.GetOwinContext().Response;
                response.OnSendingHeaders(state =>
                {
                    ((IOwinResponse)state).StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.NotFound;
                }, response);
                
                // in case you are NOT using Owin, uncomment the following and comment everything above
                // HttpContext.Current.Response.StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.NotFound;
            }
            return _nullEntityTypeSerializer;
        }
        return serializer;
    }
}

Formatters

Add NullSerializerProvider in ODataMediaTypeFormatters:

var odataFormatters = ODataMediaTypeFormatters.Create(new NullSerializerProvider(), new DefaultODataDeserializerProvider());
config.Formatters.InsertRange(0, odataFormatters);

11. TOOLS

11.1 OData V4 Web API Scaffolding
Install Visual Studio Extension

The installer of OData V4 Web API Scaffolding can be downloaded from Visual Studio Gallery: Microsoft Web API OData V4 Scaffolding. Double click vsix to install, the extension supports the VS2013 and VS2015, now.

Generate Controller Code With Scaffolding

The scaffolding is used to generate controller code for model class. Two kinds of scaffolders are provided: for model without entity framework(Microsoft OData v4 Web API Controller) and model using entity framework(Microsoft OData v4 Web API Controller Using Entity Framework).

Scaffolder for model without entity framework:

Before using scaffolding, you need to create a web api project and add model classes, the following is a sample:

Then, you can right click “Controller” folder in solution explorer, select “Add” -> “Controller”. “Microsoft OData v4 Web API Controller” will be in the scaffolder list, as following:

Select scaffoler item, then choose a model class you want to generate the controller. You can also select the “Using Async” if your data need to be got in Async call.

After click “Add”, the controller will be genereted and added into your project. Meanwhile, all reference needed, including OData Lib and OData Web API, will be added into the project, too.

Scaffolder for model using entity framework:

If want to use entity framework as provider in service, no matter whether derived class of DbContext contained in project, when right click “Controller” folder in solution explorer, select “Add” -> “Controller” -> “Microsoft OData v4 Web API Controller Using Entity Framework” as scaffolder:

Then you will see as following:

Please select the existing Model (need build before scaffolding). You can select the existing data context class or add a new one:

After click “Add”, the controller will be genereted and added into your project, new data context class will be added if needed. Meanwhile, all reference needed, including OData Lib and OData Web API, will be added into the project, too.

Change WebApiConfig.cs File

After generating the controller code, you may need to add some code in WebApiConfig.cs to generate model. Actually the code needed are in the comment of generated controller:

Just need to copy/paste the code to WebApiConfig.cs.

Add the Code to retrieve Data

As Scaffolding only genreate the frameowrk of controller code, data retrieve part should also be added into controller generated. Here, we write a simple in-memory data source and return all of them when call “GetProducts” method:

Add in ProductsController:
```
private static List<Product> products = new List<Product>()
{
  new Product() {Id = 1, Name = "Test1"},
};
```
Add in GetProducts Method:
```
return Ok(products);
```

12. DESIGN

12.1 Edm.Date and Edm.TimeOfDay with EF
Problem

The Transact-SQL has date (Format: YYYY-MM-DD) type, but there isn’t a CLR type representing date type. Entity Framework (EF) only supports to use System.DateTime CLR type to map the date type.

OData V4 lib provides a CLR struct Date type and the corresponding primitive type kind Edm.Date. Web API OData V4 supports it. However, EF doesn’t recognize this CLR type, and it can’t map struct Date directly to date type.

So, this doc describes the solution about how to support Edm.Date type with Entity Framework. Meanwhile, this doc also covers the Edm.TimeOfDay type with EF.

Scopes

It should support to map the type between date type in Database and Edm.Date type through the CLR System.DateTime type. The map is shown in the following figure:

So, it should provide the below functionalities for the developer:
1. Can configure the System.DateTime/System.TimeSpan property to Edm.Date/ Edm.TimeOfDay.
2. Can serialize the date/ time value in the DB as Edm.Date /Edm.TimeOfDay value format.
3. Can de-serialize the Edm.Date/Edm.TimeOfDay value as date/ time value into DB.
4. Can do query option on the date/ time value.
Most important, EF doesn’t support the primitive collection. So, Collection of date is not in the scope. The developer can use navigation property to work around.

Detail Design

Date & Time type in SQL DB

Below is the date & time type mapping between DB and .NET:

So, From .NET view, only System.DateTime is used to represent the date value, meanwhile only System.TimeSpan is used to represent the time value.

Date & time mapping with EF

In EF Code First, the developer can use two methodologies to map System.DateTime property to date column in DB:

1 Data Annotation

The users can use the Column Data Annotation to modify the data type of columns. For example:
```
  [Column(TypeName = "date")]
  public DateTime Birthday { get; set; }
```
“date” is case-insensitive.

2 Fluent API

HasColumnName is the Fluent API used to specify a column data type for a property. For example:
```
modelBuilder.EntityType<Customer>()
            .Property(c => c.Birthday)
            .HasColumnType("date");
```
For time type, it implicitly maps the System.TimeSpan to represent the time value. However, you can use string literal “time” in DataAnnotation or fluent API explicitly.

CLR Date Type in ODL

OData Library defines one struct to hold the value of Edm.Date (Format: YYYY-MM-DD).
```
namespace Microsoft.OData.Edm.Library
{
    // Summary:
    //     Date type for Edm.Date
    public struct Date : IComparable, IComparable<Date>, IEquatable<Date>
   {
         …
   }
}
```
Where, Edm.Date is the corresponding primitive type Kind.

OData Library also defines one struct to hold the value of Edm.TimeOfDay (Format: HH:MM:SS. fractionalSeconds, where fractionalSeconds =1*12DIGIT).
```
namespace Microsoft.OData.Edm.Library
{
    // Summary:
    //     Date type for Edm.TimeOfDay 
    public struct TimeOfDay  : IComparable , IComparable<TimeOfDay>, IEquatable<TimeOfDay>
   {
         …
   }
}
```
Where, Edm.TimeOfDay is the corresponding primitive type Kind.

Configure Date & Time in Web API by Fluent API

By default, Web API has the following mapping between CLR types and Edm types:

We should provide a methodology to map System.DateTime to Edm.Date type, and System.TimeSpan to Edm.TimeOfDay type as follows:

Extension methods

We will add the following extension methods to re-configure System.DateTime & System.TimeSpan property:
```
public static class PrimitivePropertyConfigurationExtensions 
{ 
  public static PrimitivePropertyConfiguration AsDate(this PrimitivePropertyConfiguration property)
  {…}

  public static PrimitivePropertyConfiguration AsTimeOfDay(this PrimitivePropertyConfiguration property)
  {…}
}
```
For example, the developer can use the above extension methods as follows:
```
public class Customer
{
   …
   public DateTime Birthday {get;set;}
   public TimeSpan CreatedTime {get;set;}
}

ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
EntityTypeConfiguration<Customer> customer = builder.EntityType<Customer>();
customer.Property(c => c.Birthday).AsDate();
customer.Property(c => c.CreatedTime).AsTimeOfDay();
IEdmModel model = builder.GetEdmModel();
```
Configure Date & Time in Web API by Data Annotation

We should recognize the Column Data annotation. So, we will add a convention class as follows:
```
internal class ColumnAttributeEdmPropertyConvention : AttributeEdmPropertyConvention<PropertyConfiguration>
{
  …
}
```
In this class, it will identify the Column attribute applied to System.DateTime or System.TimeSpan property, and call AsDate(…) or AsTimeOfDay() extension methods to add a Date or TimeOfDay mapped property. Be caution, EF supports the TypeName case-insensitive.

After insert the instance of ColumnAttributeEdmPropertyConvention into the conventions in the convention model builder:

For example, the developer can do as follows to build the Edm model:
```
public class Customer
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
      
  [Column(TypeName=”date”)]
  public DateTime Birthday { get; set; }

  [Column(TypeName=”date”)]
  public DateTime? PublishDay { get; set; }

  [Column(TypeName=”time”)]
  public TimeSpan CreatedTime { get; set; }
 }
```
Now, the developer can call as follows to build the Edm model:
```
ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();

builder.EntityType<Customer>();

IEdmModel model = builder.GetEdmModel();
```
Serialize

System.DateTime value to Edm.Date

We should modify ODataEntityTypeSerializer and ODataComplexTypeSerializer to identify whether or not the System.DataTime is serialized to Edm.Date. So, we should add a function in ODataPrimitiveSerializer:
```
internal static object ConvertUnsupportedPrimitives(object value, IEdmPrimitiveTypeReference primitiveType)
{
    Type type = value.GetType();
    if (primitiveType.IsDate() && TypeHelper.IsDateTime(type))
    {
         Date dt = (DateTime)value;
         return dt;
    }
    … 
}
```
System.TimeSpan value to Edm.TimeOfDay

Add the following codes into the above function:
```
if (primitiveType.IsTimeOfDay() && TypeHelper.IsTimeSpan(type))
{
   TimeOfDay tod = (TimeSpan)value;
   return tod;
}
```
Top level property

If the end user want to query the top level property, for example:
```
   ~/Customers(1)/Birthday
```
The developer must take responsibility to convert the value into its corresponding type.

De-serialize

Edm.Date to System.DateTime value

It’s easy to add the following code in EdmPrimitiveHelpers to convert struct Date to System.DateTime:
```
if (value is Date)
{
    Date dt = (Date)value;
    return (DateTime)dt;
}
```
Edm.TimeOfDay to System.TimeSpan value

Add codes in EdmPrimitiveHelpers to convert struct TimeOfDay to System.TimeSpan:
```
else if(type == typeof(TimeSpan))
{
   if (value is TimeOfDay)
   {
       TimeOfDay tod = (TimeOfDay)value;
       return (TimeSpan)tod;
   }
}
```
Query options on Date & Time

We should to support the following scenarios:
```
• ~/Customers?$filter=Birthday eq 2015-12-14
• ~/Customers?$filter=year(Birthday) ne 2015
• ~/Customers?$filter=Publishday eq null
• ~/Customers?$orderby=Birthday desc
• ~/Customers?$select=Birthday
• ~/Customers?$filter=CreatedTime eq 04:03:05.0790000"
...
```
Fortunately, Web API supports the most scenarios already, however, we should make some codes changes in FilterBinder class to make TimeOfDay scenario to work.

Example

We re-use the Customer model in the Scope. We use the Lambda expression to build the Edm Model as:
```
public IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
  ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
  var customer = builder.EntitySet<Customer>(“Customers”).EntityType;
  customer.HasKey(c => c.Id);
  customer.Property(c => c.Birthday).AsDate();
  customer.Property(c => c.PublishDay).AsDate();
  return builder.GetEdmModel();
}
```
Here’s the metadata document:
```
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="NS" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityType Name="Customer">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="Birthday" Type="Edm.Date" Nullable="false" />
        <Property Name="PublishDay" Type="Edm.Date" />
      </EntityType>
    </Schema>
    <Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityContainer Name="Container">
        <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="NS.Customer " />
      </EntityContainer>
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>
```
We can query:

GET ~/Customers
```
{
  "@odata.context": "http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers",
  "value": [
    {
      "Id": 1,
      "Birthday": "2015-12-31",
      "PublishDay": null
    },
    …
  ]
}
```
We can do filter:

~/Customers?$filter=Birthday eq 2017-12-31
```
{
  "@odata.context": "http://localhost/odata/$metadata#Customers",
  "value": [
    {
      "Id": 2,
      "Birthday": "2017-12-31",
      "PublishDay": null
    }
  ]
}
```
Thanks.

13. 6.X FEATURES

13.1 Model Bound Attributes
Since Web API OData V6.0.0 which depends on OData Lib 7.0.0, we add a new feature named ModelBoundAttribute, use this feature, we can control the query setting through those attributes to make our service more secure and even control the query result by set page size, automatic select, automatic expand.Let’s see how to use this feature.

Global Query Setting

Now the default setting for WebAPI OData is : client can’t apply $count, $orderby, $select, $top, $expand, $filter in the query, query like localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=Name will failed as BadRequest, because all properties are not sort-able by default, this is a breaking change in 6.0.0, if we want to use the default behavior that all query option are enabled in 5.x version, we can configure the HttpConfigration to enable the query option we want like this:
```
//...
configuration.Count().Filter().OrderBy().Expand().Select().MaxTop(null);
configuration.MapODataServiceRoute("odata", "odata", edmModel);
//...
```
Page Attribute

Pagination settings correlate to OData’s @odata.nextLink (server-side pagination) and ?$top=5&$skip=5 (client-side pagination). We can set the PageSize to control the server-side pagination, and MaxTop to control the maximum value for $top, by default client can’t use $top as we said in the Global Query Setting section, every query option is disabled, if you set the Page Attribute, by default it will enable the $top with no-limit maximum value, or you can set the MaxTop like:
```
[Page(MaxTop = 5, PageSize = 1)]
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public Order Order { get; set; }
    public Address Address { get; set; }
    [Page(MaxTop = 2, PageSize = 1)]
    public List<Order> Orders { get; set; }
    public List<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
}

public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Price { get; set; }
    [Page]
    public List<Customer> Customers { get; set; }
}
```
In the model above, we defined the page setting for Customer and Orders navigation property in Customer and Customers navigation property in Order, let’s explain the usage of them one by one.

Page Attribute on Entity Type

The first page attribute on Customer type, means the query setting when we query the Customer type, like localhostodataCustomers, the max value for $top is 5 and page size of returned customers is 1.

For example:

The query like localhostodataCustomers?$top=10 will failed with BadRequest : The limit of ‘5’ for Top query has been exceeded.

The page size is 1 if you request localhostodataCustomers.

Page Attribute on Navigation Property

And what about the page attribute in Order type’s navigation property Customers? it means the query setting when we query the Customers navigation property in Order type. Now we get a query setting for Customer type and a query setting for Customers navigation property in Order type, how do we merge these two settings? The answer is: currently the property’s query setting always override the type’s query setting, if there is no query setting on property, it will inherent query setting from it’s type.

For example:

The query like localhostodataOrders?$expand=Customers($top=10) will works because the setting is no limit.

The result of localhostodataOrders?$expand=Customers won’t have paging because the setting didn’t set the page size.

So for the attribute on Orders navigation property in Customer type, the page size and maximum value of $top setting will have effect when we request like localhostodataCustomers?$expand=Orders or localhostodataCustomers(1)Orders as long as we are query the Orders property on Customer type.

Count Attribute

Count settings correlate to OData’s ?$count=true (items + count). We can set the entity type or property is countable or not like:
```
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public Address Address { get; set; }
    [Count]
    public List<Order> Orders { get; set; }
    public List<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
    public List<Address2> Addresses2 { get; set; }
    public List<Order> CountableOrders { get; set; }
}

[Count(Disabled = true)]
public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Price { get; set; }
}
```
In the model above, we can tell that the Order is not countable(maybe the number is very large) but Orders property in Customer is countable.

About the priority of attribute on property and type, please refer to Page Attribute section.

So you can have those examples:

Query localhostodataOrders?$count=true will failed with BadRequest that orders can’t used for $count

Query localhostodataCustomers?$expand=Orders($count=true) will works

Query localhostodataCustomers(1)/Orders?$count=true works too.

OrderBy Attribute

Ordering settings correlate to OData’s $orderby query option. We can specify which property is sort-able very easy and we can also define very complex rule by use attribute on property and on type. For example:
```
[OrderBy("AutoExpandOrder", "Address")]
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public Order AutoExpandOrder { get; set; }
    [OrderBy]
    public Address Address { get; set; }
    [OrderBy("Id")]
    public List<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}
    
[OrderBy("Name", Disabled = true)]
[OrderBy]
public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Price { get; set; }   
    [OrderBy]
    public List<Customer> Customers { get; set; }
    public List<Customer> UnSortableCustomers { get; set; }
    public List<Car> Cars { get; set; }
}

public class Address
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Street { get; set; }
}
```
Multiple Attribute

We can see that the we can have multiple OrderBy attributes, how are they merged? The answer is the Attribute on a class with a constrained set of properties gets high priority, the order of their appear time doesn’t matter.

OrderBy Attribute on EntityType and ComplexType

Let’s go through those attributes to understand the settings, the first attribute means we can specify the single navigation property AutoExpandOrder and single complex property Address when we query Customer type, like query localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=Address/xxx or localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=AutoExpandOrder/xxx. And how do we control which property under AutoExandOrder is sort-able?

For the AutoExpandOrder property, we add OrderBy Attribute on Order type, the first attribute means Name is not sort-able, the second attribute means all the property is sort-able, so for the Order type, properties except Name are sort-able.

For example:

Query localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=Name will failed with BadRequest that Name is not sort-able.

Query localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=AutoExpandOrder/Price works.

Query localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=AutoExpandOrder/Name will failed with BadRequest that Name is not sort-able.

OrderBy Attribute on Property

About the priority of attribute on property and type, please refer to Page Attribute section. We have OrderBy attribute on Address property, it means all properties are sort-able when we query Customer, and for Orders property, it means only Id is sort-able when we query Orders property under Customer.

For example:

Query localhostodataCustomers?$orderby=Address/Name works.

Query localhostodataCustomers?$expand=Orders($orderby=Id) works.

Query localhostodataCustomers?$expand=Orders($orderby=Price) will failed with BadRequest that Price is not sort-able.

Filter Attribute

Filtering settings correlate to OData’s $filter query option. For now we only support to specify which property can be filter just like what we do in OrderBy Attribute, we can simply replace orderby with filter in the example above, so please refer to OrderBy Attribute section.

Select Attribute

Search settings correlate to OData’s $search query option. We can specify which property can be selected, which property is automatic selected when there is no $select in the query.

Automatic Select

Automatic select mean we will add $select in the query depends on the select attribute.

If we have a User class, and we don’t want to expose some property to client, like secrete property, so client query localhostodataUsers?$select=Secrete will failed and query localhostodataUsers? won’t return Secrete property, how can we achieve that with Select Attribute?
```
[Select(SelectType = SelectExpandType.Automatic)]
[Select("Secrete", SelectType = SelectExpandType.Disabled)]
public class User
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Secrete { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}
```
The first attribute means all the property will be automatic select when there is no $select in the query, the second attribute means the property Secrete is not select-able. For example, request localhostodataUsers will have the same response with localhostodataUsers?$select=Id,Name

Automatic Select on Derived Type

If the target type of our request have some derived types which have automatic select property, then these property will show in the response if there is no $select query option, for example, request localhostodataUsers will have the same response with localhostodataUsers?$select=Id,Name,SpecialUser/SpecialName if the SpecinalName property in automatic select.

Select Attribute on Navigation Property

About the priority of attribute on property and type, please refer to Page Attribute section. About the multiple attribute, please refer to Multiple Attribute section. We also support Select attribute on navigation property, to control the expand scenario and property access scenario, like if we want client can only select Id and Name from Customer’s navigation property Order.
```
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    [Select("Id", "Name")]
    public Order Order { get; set; }
}
```
Expand Attribute

Expansion settings correlate to OData’s $expand query option. We can specify which property can be expanded, which property is automatic expanded and we can specify the max depth of the expand property. Currently we support Expand attribute on entity type and navigation property, the using scenario is quite like Select Attribute and other attributes, you can just refer to those sections.

Automatic Expand

Automatic expand mean it will always expand that navigation property, it’s like automatic select, we will add a $expand in the query, so it will expand even if there is a $select which does not contain automatic epxand property.

Model Bound Fluent APIs

We also provide all fluent APIs to configure above attributes if you can’t modify the class by adding attributes, it’s very straight forward and simple to use:
```
[Expand("Orders", "Friend", "CountableOrders", MaxDepth = 10)]
[Expand("AutoExpandOrder", ExpandType = SelectExpandType.Automatic, MaxDepth = 8)]
[Page(MaxTop = 5, PageSize = 1)]
public class Customer
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    [Expand(ExpandType = SelectExpandType.Disabled)]
    public Order Order { get; set; }
    public Order AutoExpandOrder { get; set; }
    public Address Address { get; set; }
    [Expand("Customers", MaxDepth = 2)]
    [Count(Disabled = true)]
    [Page(MaxTop = 2, PageSize = 1)]
    public List<Order> Orders { get; set; }
    public List<Order> CountableOrders { get; set; }
    public List<Order> NoExpandOrders { get; set; }
    public List<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
    [Expand(MaxDepth = 2)]
    public Customer Friend { get; set; }
}

var builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers")
    .EntityType.Expand(10, "Orders", "Friend", "CountableOrders")
    .Expand(8, SelectExpandType.Automatic, "AutoExpandOrder")
    .Page(5, 2);
builder.EntityType<Customer>()
    .HasMany(p => p.Orders)
    .Expand(2, "Customers")
    .Page(2, 1)
    .Count(QueryOptionSetting.Disabled);
builder.EntityType<Customer>()
    .HasMany(p => p.CountableOrders)
    .Count();
builder.EntityType<Customer>()
    .HasOptional(p => p.Order)
    .Expand(SelectExpandType.Disabled);
```
The example shows class with attributes and build model using the model bound fluent APIs if we can’t modify the class. These two approaches are getting two same models. About the multiple attribute, model bound fluent APIs are the same, the model bound fluent API with a constrained set of properties wins. For example: builder.EntityType<Customer>().Expand().Expand("Friend", SelectExpandType.Disabled), Friend can’t be expanded, even we put Expand() in the end. If there is a setting with same property, the last one wins, for example: .Expand(8, "Friend").Expand(1, "Friend"), the max depth will be 1.

Overall Query Setting Precedence

Query settings can be placed in many places, with the following precedence from lowest to highest: System Default(not query-able by default), Global Configuration, Model Bound Attribute, Fluent API.

Controller Level Query Setting

If we only want to control the setting in one API call, like the Get() method in CustomerController, we can simply use the Settings in EnableQueryAttribute, like:
```
[EnableQuery(MaxExpansionDepth = 10)]
public List<Customer> Get()
{
    return _customers;
}
```
The model bound attribute and the settings in EnableQueryAttribute are working separately, so the query violent one of them will fail the request.

More test case with more complex scenario can be find at here.

You can participate into discussions and ask questions about this feature at our GitHub issues, your feedback is very important for us.

13.2 Complex Type with Navigation Property

Since Web API OData V6.0.0 beta, It supports to configure navigation property on complex type.Let’s have an example to illustrate how to configure navigation property on complex type:

CLR Model

We use the following CRL classes as the CLR model:

public class Address
{
  public City CityInfo { get; set; }
  public IList<City> Cities { get; set}
}

public class City
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
}

Where:

Address is a complex type.
City is an entity type.

The following APIs are used to add navigation properties for complex type:

1. HasMany()
2. HasRequired()
3. HasOptional()

So, we can do as:

ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
builder.EntityType<City>().HasKey(c => c.Id);
var address = builder.ComplexType<Address>();
address.HasRequired(a => a.CityInfo);
address.HasMany(a => a.Cities);

We can get the following result:

<ComplexType Name="Address">
  <NavigationProperty Name="CityInfo" Type="ModelLibrary.City" Nullable="false" />"
  <NavigationProperty Name="Cities" Type="Collection(NS.City)" />"
</ComplexType>
<EntityType Name="City">
  <Key>
    <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
  </Key>
  <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
</EntityType>

Convention model builder will automatically map the class type properties in complex type as navigation properties if the declaring type of such navigation property has key defined.

So, as the above example, we can use the following codes to define a convention model:

ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
builder.ComplexType<Address>(); // just add a starting point

As result, We can get the following result:


<edmx:Edmx Version="4.0" xmlns:edmx="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edmx">
  <edmx:DataServices>
    <Schema Namespace="ModelLibrary" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <ComplexType Name="Address">
        <NavigationProperty Name="CityInfo" Type="ModelLibrary.City" />
        <NavigationProperty Name="Cities" Type="Collection(ModelLibrary.City)" />
      </ComplexType>
      <EntityType Name="City">
        <Key>
          <PropertyRef Name="Id" />
        </Key>
        <Property Name="Id" Type="Edm.Int32" Nullable="false" />
      </EntityType>
    </Schema>
    <Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
      <EntityContainer Name="Container" />
    </Schema>
  </edmx:DataServices>
</edmx:Edmx>

13.3 Multiple Navigation property binding path

Since Web API OData V6.0.0 beta, It supports to configure multiple navigation property binding paths.

The following APIs are used to add navigation property binding in model builder.

1. HasManyBinding()
2. HasRequiredBinding()
3. HasOptionalBinding()

So, we can do as:

public class Customer
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
  
  public Order SingleOrder {get;set;}  // single navigation property
  
  public IList<Order> Orders {get;set;} // collection navigation property
}

public class Order
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
}

ODataModelBuilder builder = new ODataModelBuilder();
var customers = builder.EntitySet<Cusomter>("Customers");
customers.HasManyBinding(c => c.Orders, "Orders");
customers.HasRequiredBinding(c => c.SingleOrder, "SingleOrders");

We can get the following result:

<EntityContainer Name="Container">
  <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.Cusomter">
    <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Orders" Target="Orders" />
    <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="SingleOrder" Target="SingleOrders" />
  </EntitySet>
  <EntitySet Name="Orders" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.Order" />
  <EntitySet Name="SingleOrders" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.Order" />
</EntityContainer>

Where, the binding path is straight-forward, just as the navigation property name. Before 6.0.0, it doesn’t support to:

Add the complex property into binding path
Add the type cast into binding path

In Web API OData V6.0.0 beta, we add a new generic type class to configure the multiple binding path:

BindingPathConfiguration{TStructuralType}

In this class, it provides the following APIs to add binding path:

1. HasManyPath()
2. HasSinglePath()

It also provides the following APIs to bind the navigation property with multiple binding path to a targe navigation source.

1. HasManyBinding()
2. HasRequiredBinding()
3. HasOptionalBinding()

So, the normal navigation property binding configuration flow is：

Call Binding from NavigationSourceConfiguration{TEntityType} to get an instance of BindingPathConfiguration{TEntityType}
Call HasManyPath()/HasSinglePath from BindingPathConfiguration{TEntityType}` to add a binding path
Repeat step-2 if necessary
Call HasManyBinding()/HasRequiredBinding()/HasOptionalBinding() to add the target navigation source.

Here’s an example:

builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers")
   .Binding
   .HasManyPath(c => c.Locations)
   .HasSinglePath(a => a.LocationInfo)
   .HasRequiredBinding(c => c.City, "Cities");

Example

Let’s have the following CLR classes as the model:

Entity types

public class Cusomter
{
  public int Id { get; set; }

  public Animal Pet { get; set; }
}

public class VipCustomer : Cusomter
{
  public List<Address> VipLocations { get; set; }
}

public class City
{
  public int Id { get; set; }
}

Complex types

public class Animal
{
}

public class Human : Animal
{
    public UsAddress HumanAddress { get; set; }
}

public class Horse : Animal
{
    public UsAddress HorseAddress { get; set; }
    public IList<UsAddress> HorseAddresses { get; set; }
}
public class Address
{
  public City City { get; set; }
}

public class UsAddress : Address
{
  public City SubCity { get; set; }
}

customers.HasManyPath((VipCustomer v) => v.VipLocations).HasRequiredBinding(a => a.City, "A");
customers.HasManyPath((VipCustomer v) => v.VipLocations).HasRequiredBinding((UsAddress a) => a.SubCity, "B");

var pet = customers.HasRequiredPath(c => c.Pet);

pet.HasRequiredPath((Human p) => p.HumanAddress)
    .HasRequiredBinding(c => c.SubCity, "HumanCities");

pet.HasRequiredPath((Horse h) => h.HorseAddress).HasRequiredBinding(c => c.SubCity, "HorseCities");

pet.HasManyPath((Horse h) => h.HorseAddresses).HasRequiredBinding(c => c.SubCity, "HorseCities");

So, we can get the following target binding:

<Schema Namespace="Default" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/odata/ns/edm">
  <EntityContainer Name="Container">
    <EntitySet Name="Customers" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.Cusomter">
      <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Pet/System.Web.OData.Builder.Human/HumanAddress/SubCity" Target="HumanCities" />
      <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Pet/System.Web.OData.Builder.Horse/HorseAddress/SubCity" Target="HorseCities" />
      <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="Pet/System.Web.OData.Builder.Horse/HorseAddresses/SubCity" Target="HorseCities" />
      <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="System.Web.OData.Builder.VipCustomer/VipLocations/System.Web.OData.Builder.UsAddress/SubCity" Target="B" />
      <NavigationPropertyBinding Path="System.Web.OData.Builder.VipCustomer/VipLocations/City" Target="A" />
    </EntitySet>
    <EntitySet Name="A" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.City" />
    <EntitySet Name="B" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.City" />
    <EntitySet Name="HumanCities" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.City" />
    <EntitySet Name="HorseCities" EntityType="System.Web.OData.Builder.City" />
  </EntityContainer>
</Schema>

Where: As example shown:

It supports single property with multiple binding path.
It supports collection property with mutliple binding path.
It also supports mulitple binding path with inheritance type.

Besides, the HasManyPath()/HasSinglePath() has onverload methods to configure the containment binding path.

In convention model builder, it will automatically traverl all property binding paths to add a binding for the navigation proeprty.

There’s an unit test that you can refer to.

13.4 Dependency Injection Support
Since Web API OData V6.0.0 beta, we have integrated with the popular dependency injection (DI) framework Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection. By means of DI, we can significantly improve the extensibility of Web API OData as well as simplify the APIs exposed to the developers. Meanwhile, we have incorporated DI support throughout the whole OData stack (including ODataLib, Web API OData and RESTier) thus the three layers can consistently share services and custom implementations via the unified DI container in an OData service. For example, if you register an ODataPayloadValueConverter in a RESTier API class, the low-level ODataLib will be aware of that and use it automatically because they share the same DI container.For the fundamentals of DI support in OData stacks, please refer to this docs from ODataLib. After understanding that, we can now take a look at how Web API OData implements the container, takes use of it and injects it into ODataLib.

Implement the Container Builder

By default, if you don’t provide a custom container builder, Web API OData will use the DefaultContainerBuilder which implements IContainerBuilder from ODataLib. The default implementation is based on the Microsoft DI framework introduced above and what it does is just delegating the builder operations to the underlying ServiceCollection.

But if you want to use a different DI framework (e.g., Autofac) or make some customizations to the default behavior, you will need to either implement your own container builder from IContainerBuilder or inherit from the DefaultContainerBuilder. For the former one, please refer to the docs from ODataLib. For the latter one, here is a simple example to illustrate how to customize the default container builder.
```
public class MyContainerBuilder : DefaultContainerBuilder
{
    public override IContainerBuilder AddService(ServiceLifetime lifetime, Type serviceType, Type implementationType)
    {
        if (serviceType == typeof(ITestService))
        {
            // Force the implementation type of ITestService to be TestServiceImpl.
            base.AddService(lifetime, serviceType, typeof(TestServiceImpl));
        }

        return base.AddService(lifetime, serviceType, implementationType);
    }

    public override IServiceProvider BuildContainer()
    {
        return new MyContainer(base.BuildContainer());
    }
}

public class MyContainer : IServiceProvider
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider inner;

    public MyContainer(IServiceProvider inner)
    {
        this.inner = inner;
    }

    public object GetService(Type serviceType)
    {
        if (serviceType == typeof(ITestService))
        {
            // Force to create a TestServiceImpl2 instance for ITestService.
            return new TestServiceImpl2();
        }

        return base.GetService(serviceType);
    }
}
```
After implementing the container builder, you need to register that container builder in HttpConfiguration to tell Web API OData that you want to use your custom one. Please note that you MUST call UseCustomContainerBuilder BEFORE MapODataServiceRoute and EnableDependencyInjection because the root container will be actually created in these two methods. Setting the container builder factory after its creation is meaningless. Of course, if you wish to keep the default container builder implementation, UseCustomContainerBuilder doesn’t need to be called at all.
```
configuration.UseCustomContainerBuilder(() => new MyContainerBuilder());
configuration.MapODataServiceRoute(...);
```
Register the Required Services

Basic APIs to register the services have already been documented here. Here we mainly focus on the APIs from Web API OData that help to register the services into the container builder. The key API to register the required services for an OData service is an overload of MapODataServiceRoute which takes a configureAction to configure the container builder (i.e., register the services).
```
public static class HttpConfigurationExtensions
{
    public static ODataRoute MapODataServiceRoute(this HttpConfiguration configuration, string routeName,
            string routePrefix, Action<IContainerBuilder> configureAction);
}
```
Theoretically you can register any service within the configureAction but there are two mandatory services that you are required to register: the IEdmModel and a collection of IRoutingConvention. Without them, the OData service you build will NOT work correctly. Here is an example of calling the API where a custom batch handler MyBatchHandler is registered. You are free to register any other service you like to the builder.
```
configuration.MapODataServiceRoute(routeName: "odata", routePrefix: "odata", builder =>
    builder.AddService<IEdmModel>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => model)
           .AddService<ODataBatchHandler, MyBatchHandler>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton)
           .AddService<IEnumerable<IODataRoutingConvention>>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp =>
               ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefaultWithAttributeRouting(routeName, configuration)));
```
You might also find that we still preserve the previous overloads of MapODataServiceRoute which take batch handlers, path handlers, HTTP message handlers, etc. They are basically wrapping the first overload that takes a configureAction. The reason why we keep them is that we want to give the users convenience to create OData services and bearings to the APIs they are familiar with.

Once you have called any of the MapODataServiceRoute overloads, the dependency injection for that OData route is enabled and an associated root container is created. As we internally maintain a dictionary to map the route name to its corresponding root container (1-1 mapping), multiple OData routes (i.e., calling MapODataServiceRoute multiple times) are still working great and the services registered in different containers (or routes) will not impact each other. That said, if you want a custom batch handler to work in the two OData routes, register them twice.

Enable Dependency Injection for HTTP Routes

It’s also possible that you don’t want to create OData routes but just HTTP routes. The dependency injection support will NOT be enabled right after you call MapHttpRoute. In this case, you have to call EnableDependencyInjection to enable the dependency injection support for ALL HTTP routes. Please note that all the HTTP routes share the SAME root container which is of course different from the one of any OData route. That said calling EnableDependencyInjection has nothing to do with MapODataServiceRoute.
```
configuration.MapHttpRoute(...);
configuration.EnableDependencyInjection();
```
Please also note that the order of MapHttpRoute and EnableDependencyInjection doesn’t matter because they have no dependency on each other.

Manage and Access the Request Container

Given a root container, we can create scoped containers from it, which is also known as request containers. Mostly you don’t need to manage the creation and destruction of request containers yourself but there are some rare cases you have to touch them. Say you want to implement your custom batch handler, you have the full control of the multi-part batch request. You parse and split it into several batch parts (or sub requests) then you will be responsible for creating and destroying the request containers for the parts. They are implemented as extension methods to HttpRequestMessage in HttpRequestMessageExtensions.

To create the request container, you need to call the following extension method on a request. If you are creating the request container for a request that comes from an HTTP route, just pass null for the routeName.
```
public static class HttpRequestMessageExtensions
{
    // Example:
    //   IServiceProvider requestContainer = request.CreateRequestContainer("odata");
    //   IServiceProvider requestContainer = request.CreateRequestContainer(null);
    public static IServiceProvider CreateRequestContainer(this HttpRequestMessage request, string routeName);
}
```
To delete the request container from a request, you need to call the following extension method on a request. The parameter dispose indicates whether to dispose that request container after deleting it from the request. Disposing a request container means that all the scoped and transient services within that container will also be disposed if they implement IDisposable.
```
public static class HttpRequestMessageExtensions
{
    // Example:
    //   request.DeleteRequestContainer(true);
    //   request.DeleteRequestContainer(false);
    public static void DeleteRequestContainer(this HttpRequestMessage request, bool dispose)
}
```
To get the request container associated with that request, simply call the following extension method on a request. Note that you don’t need to provide the route name to get the request container because the container itself has already been stored in the request properties during CreateRequestContainer. There is also a little trick in GetRequestContainer that if you have never called CreateRequestContainer on the request but directly call GetRequestContainer, it will try to create the request container for all the HTTP routes and return that container. Thus the return value of GetRequestContainer should never be null.
```
public static class HttpRequestMessageExtensions
{
    // Example:
    //   IServiceProvider requestContainer = request.GetRequestContainer();
    public static IServiceProvider GetRequestContainer(this HttpRequestMessage request)
}
```
Please DO pay attention to the lifetime of the services. DON’T forget to delete and dispose the request container if you create it yourself. And scoped services will be disposed after the request completes.

Services Available in Web API OData

Currently services Available in Web API OData include:
- IODataPathHandler whose default implementation is DefaultODataPathHandler and lifetime is Singleton.
- XXXQueryValidator whose lifetime are all Singleton.
- ODataXXXSerializer and ODataXXXDeserializer whose lifetime are all Singleton. But please note that they are ONLY effective when DefaultODataSerializerProvider and DefaultODataDeserializerProvider are present. Custom serializer and deserializer providers are NOT guaranteed to call those serializers and deserializers from the DI container.
- ODataSerializerProvider and ODataDeserializerProvider whose implementation types are DefaultODataSerializerProvider and DefaultODataDeserializerProvider respectively and lifetime are all Singleton. Please note that you might lose all the default serializers and deserializers registered in the DI container if you don’t call into the default providers in your own providers.
- IAssembliesResolver whose implementation type is the default one from ASP.NET Web API.
- FilterBinder whose implementation type is Transient because each EnableQueryAttribute instance will create its own FilterBinder. Override it if you want to customize the process of binding a $filter syntax tree.
Services Avaliable in OData Lib

Services in OData Lib also can be injected through Web API OData.
13.5 Use ODL path classes
Since Web API OData V6.0.0 beta, Web API OData uses the ODL path classes directly.In Web API OData V5.x, there are a lot of path segment classes defined to wrapper the corresponding path segment classes defined in ODL. for example:
```
* BatchPathSegment
* BoundActionPathSegment
* BoundFunctionPathSegment
* KeyValuePathSegment
* ...
```
Where,
1. Some segments are just used to wrapper the corresponding segments defined in ODL, such as BatchPathSegment.
2. Some segments are used to do some conversions, such as BoundFunctionPathSegment, KeyValuePathSegment.
However, ODL defines the same segments and Web API OData needn’t to do such conversion. So, all segment classes defined in Web API OData are removed in v6.x.

Web API OData will directly use the path segment classes defined in ODL as follows:
```
* BatchReferenceSegment
* BatchSegment
* CountSegment
* DynamicPathSegment
* EntitySetSegment
* KeySegment
* MetadataSegment
* NavigationPropertyLinkSegment
* NavigationPropertySegment
* ODataPathSegment
* OperationImportSegment
* OperationSegment
* PathTemplateSegment
* PropertySegment
* SingletonSegment
* TypeSegment
* ValueSegment
```

13.6 Key value binding

Since Web API OData V6.0.0 beta, Web API OData supports the composite key convention binding.Let’s have an example:

public class Customer
{
    public string StringProp { get; set; }
	
    public Date DateProp { get; set; }

    public Guid GuidProp { get; set; }
}

Where, Customer is an entity type with three properties. We will make all these trhee properties as the composite keys for Customer entity type.

So, we can do:

private static IEdmModel GetEdmModel()
{
    ODataConventionModelBuilder builder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();
    builder.EntityType<Customer>().HasKey(c =>new { c.StringProp, c.DateProp, c.GuidProp});
	builder.EntitySet<Customer>("Customers");
	return builder.GetEdmModel();
}

Before Web API OData V6.x, key segment convention routing only supports the single key convention binding, just use the key as the parameter name.

In Web API OData V6.x, we use the following convention for the composite key parameter name, but leave the key for single key parameter.

"key" + {CompositeKeyPropertyName}

Therefore, for StringProp key property, the action parameter name should be keyStringProp.

Let’s see how the contoller action looks like:

public class CustomersController : ODataController
{
    public IHttpActionResult Get([FromODataUri]string keyStringProp, [FromODataUri]Date keyDateProp, [FromODataUri]Guid keyGuidProp)
    {
    }
}

Now, you can issue a request:

GET http://~/odata/Customers(StringKey='my',DateKey=2016-05-11,GuidKey=46538EC2-E497-4DFE-A039-1C22F0999D6C)

The result is:

1. keyStringProp == "my";
2. keyDataProp == new Date(2016, 5, 11);
3. keyGuidProp == new Guid("46538EC2-E497-4DFE-A039-1C22F0999D6C")

Be noted, this rule also applys to the navigation property key convention binding.

13.7 Merge complex & entity value serialize/deserialize
You can refer the detail in: complex type and entity type in ODL 7.0 doc.In Web API OData 6.x, we do the following to support the merge of complex type and entity type:
- Rename ODataFeed to ODataResourceSet
- Rename ODataEntry to ODataResource
- Rename ODataNavigationLink to ODataNestedResourceInfo
- Rename ODataPayloadKind.Entry to ODataPayloadKind.Resource
- Rename ODataPayloadKind.Feed to ODataPayloadKind.ResourceSet
- Rename ODataEntityTypeSerializer to ODataResourceSerializer
- Rename ODataFeedSerializer to ODataResourceSetSerizlier
- Rename ODataEntityDeserializer to ODataResourceDeserializer
- Rename ODataFeedDeserializer to ODataResourceSetDeserializer
- Remove ODataComplexValue
- Remove ODataComplexSerializer/ODataComplexTypeDeserializer
So, for any complex value, it will use ODataResourceSerializer and ODataResourceDeserializer to read and write. for any complex collection value, it will use ODataResourceSetSerializer and ODataResourceSetDeserializer to read and write.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface

About

Version

Targetted audience

Structure of this document

Resources and references

1.2 Write a simple OData V4 service

a. Create the Visual Studio project

b. Install the OData packages

c. Add a model class

d. Add a controller class

e. Configure the OData Endpoint

f. Start the OData service

2. DEFINING THE MODEL

2.1 Introduction to the model builders

2.1.1 Build Edm Model

Explicit model builder

Non-convention model builder

Convention model builder

2.1.2 Edm Model Sample

2.2 Build Edm Model Explicitly

Enum Type

Complex Type

Basic Complex Type

Derived Complex type

Other Complex Types

Entity Type

Basic Entity Type

Derived Entity type

Other Entity Types

Default Entity Container

Singleton

Navigation Property

Function

Action

Function Import

Action Import

Summary

2.3 Non-convention model builder

CLR Models

Enum Type

Complex Type

Basic Complex Type

Derived Complex type

Abstract Complex type

Open Complex type

Entity Type

Basic Entity Type

Abstract Open type

Open Entity type

Entity Container

Function

Action

Summary

2.4 Convention model builder

CLR Models

Build the Edm Model

Conventions

Type Inheritance Identify Convention

Abstract type convention

Entity key convention

Key attribute

ComplexType Attribute Convention

DataContract & DataMember

NotMapped Attribute Convention

Required Attribute Convention

ConcurrencyCheck Attribute Convention

Timestamp Attribute Convention

IgnoreDataMember Attribute Convention

NonFilterable & NotFilterable Attribute Convention

NotSortable & Unsortable Attribute Convention

NotNavigable Attribute Convention

NotExpandable Attribute Convention

NotCountable Attribute Convention

ForeignKey Attribute Convention

ActionOnDelete Attribute Convention

ForeignKeyDiscovery Convention

2.5 Summary

3. ROUTING